|
Type
|
Patent
|
|
Inventor
|
Claire
Ansell
|
|
Inventor
|
Richard
Hugh CLARK
|
|
URL
|
Free
Full Text Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US8926716
|
|
Assignee
|
Shell
Oil Company
|
|
Patent
Number
|
US8926716
B2
|
|
Issue
Date
|
Jan
6, 2015
|
|
Abstract
|
|
Type
|
Patent
|
|
Inventor
|
Gerrit
Leendert Bezemer
|
|
Inventor
|
Carolus
Matthias Anna Maria Mesters
|
|
URL
|
Free
Full Text Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US8933136
|
|
Assignee
|
Shell
Oil Company
|
|
Patent
Number
|
US8933136
B2
|
|
Issue
Date
|
Jan
13, 2015
|
|
Abstract
|
|
Type
|
Journal
Article
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|
Author
|
Li
Zhou
|
|
Author
|
Zuwei
Liao
|
|
URL
|
|
|
Volume
|
139
|
|
Pages
|
365-375
|
|
Publication
|
Applied
Energy
|
|
Date
|
February
1, 2015
|
|
Abstract
|
A
number of attempts have been made to improve refinery energy system
efficiency, focusing on the steam power system and hydrogen system in
particular. However, the fuel gas system, serving as it does as the dominant
energy source of refineries, has attracted little attention in the research
community. Industrial practices suggest that the energy efficiency of the
fuel gas systems can be significantly improved by optimizing operation
schedules.
Authors describe a multi-period optimizing model for the scheduling of fuel gas system within refineries. Modeling of the pipeline system, typically ignored in previous research, is important. Flow reversal and flow transition in the pipe segments are taken into consideration. Pipelines with branching structure and loop structure can be easily modeled and solved with rational computation effort. Complementarity formulations are utilized in modeling of discrete decisions instead of the commonly used binary variables. A case study illustrates application of this method. |
|
Type
|
Journal
Article
|
|
Author
|
Mamdouh
A. Gadalla
|
|
Author
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Omar
Y. Abdelaziz
|
|
Author
|
El-Shorouk
City, Cairo 11837, Egypt Department of Chemical
Engineering, The British University in Egypt
|
|
URL
|
|
|
Publication
|
Energy
|
|
Date
|
2015
|
|
Abstract
|
The
complexity of existing crude oil distillation processes makes simulation
difficult. Variable feedstocks, highly integrated processes, tight cuts
specifications, and environmental limitations contribute to the complexity.
Authors present a systematic simulation-based algorithm for retrofitting an
existing crude distillation column.
The algorithm accounts for all details of the associated heat recovery system. The simulation addresses both distillation unit and HEN (heat exchanger network). Researchers applied the procedure to simulate an existing CDU (crude distillation unit) processing 100,000 bbl/d crude oil of an Arabian origin. The rigorous simulation model achieved can fully describe the existing plant performance. It is validated with actual data for column operation parameters, cuts flow and specification, and for all details of heat exchanger network. They then applied the model for optimization and revamping projects to minimize energy consumption CO2 emissions from the refinery. The advantage of the simulation model is its relevance to refining industries in performing any future revamping studies, modification tests, product changes, and capacity enhancement. |
|
Type
|
Journal
Article
|
|
Author
|
Zheng
Zhai
|
|
Author
|
Xuan
Wang
|
|
URL
|
|
|
Volume
|
325
|
|
Pages
|
87-100
|
|
Publication
|
Journal
of Catalysis
|
|
Date
|
May
2015
|
|
Abstract
|
Describes
a study in which systematic
investigation of the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene and 1-
and 2-butene to 1,3-butadiene, and the selective oxidation of isobutene to
methacrolein was conducted over Bi1−x/3V1−xMoxO4 (x = 0–1) with the goal of
defining the effects of catalyst and reactant composition on the reaction
kinetics. Results revealed that the reaction kinetics can differ
significantly, depending on the state of catalyst oxidation, which in turn
depends on the catalyst composition and the reaction conditions.
Under conditions where the catalyst is fully oxidized, the kinetics for the oxidation of propene to acrolein and isobutene to methacrolein, and the oxidative dehydrogenation of propane to propene, 1-butene and trans-2-butene to butadiene are very similar: first order in the partial pressure of the alkane or alkene and zero order in the partial pressure of oxygen. These observations, together with XANES and UV–Vis data, suggest that all reactions proceed via a Mars van Krevelen mechanism involving oxygen atoms in the catalysts, and that the rate-limiting step involves cleavage of the weakest CH bond in the reactant. |
|
Type
|
Journal
Article
|
|
Author
|
K.
Pearson
|
|
Author
|
T.
Käfer
|
|
URL
|
|
|
Volume
|
40
|
|
Issue
|
3
|
|
Pages
|
1367-1378
|
|
Publication
|
International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy
|
|
Date
|
January
21, 2015
|
|
Abstract
|
Researchers
conducted partial catalytic dehydrogenation with defined model components and
model mixtures representing hydrocarbon groups and chemical composition of desulfurized
Jet A-1 over 1.0 wt% Pt/Sn catalyst on γ-Al2O3 carrier. They studied
hydrogen yield, cracking products and carbon deposit on the catalyst surface
in order to define suitable reaction conditions for a pressurized auxiliary
power unit concept with gas conditioning for fuel cell systems.
Results revealed that alkanes lead to high cracking rate and carbon deposit, which can be suppressed with increased pressure up to 8 bar. The hydrocarbon group cycloalkanes represented by methylcyclohexane exhibited sufficient conversion of 32 wt% towards hydrogen evolution in model mixtures under pressurized conditions. Researchers obtained average hydrogen yield of the model mixture of 72 nl H 2 /kgfeed under defined reaction conditions of 425 °C catalyst bed temperature, 8 bar system pressure and 4 s of contact time on the catalyst. |
