Journal
of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series D, October 2012, Volume 93,
Issue 2, pp 59-63
Effect
of Y2O3 Superficial Coating on the High Temperature Corrosion Behavior of
2.25Cr–1Mo Steel in SO2 + O2 Atmosphere
D. Ghosh, S. K. Mitra
1. NDT and Metallurgy Division, CSIR-Central Mechanical Engineering Research
Institute, Durgapur, 713209, India
2. Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, National Institute of
Technology, Durgapur, India
Abstract
Describes
investigation into the effect of superficially Y2O3 coated specimens on the
high temperature corrosion behavior of normalized and tempered 2.25Cr–1Mo steel
in oxidation–sulfidation (SO2 + O2) mixed gas environment.
Researchers conducted the isothermal high temperature corrosion
study of uncoated as well as Y2O3 coated specimens in SO2 + O2 environment at
973 K for 150 h. They characterized the post corroded specimens in SEM, EDS and
XRD. Results reveal significant improvement of corrosion resistance of the Y2O3
coated specimen in comparison to the uncoated one.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40033-012-0009-6#
Wednesday, June 19, 2013
The Effect of Triethylene Tetramine on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in H2S-HCl-H2O system at 90 °C
Int.
J. Electrochem. Sci., 8 (2013) 5546 - 5559
The Effect of Triethylene Tetramine on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in H2S-HCl-H2O system at 90 °C
Yawei Shao 1,2,*, Junwen Tang 1, Tao Zhang 1,2, Guozhe Meng 1,2, Fuhui Wang 1,2
shaoyawei@hrbeu.edu.cn
1 Corrosion and Protection Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Nantong ST 145, Harbin, 150001, China
2 State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metals Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015, China)
Abstract
The inhibitive effect of triethylene tetramine (TETA) as a neutralizer for the carbon steel in H2S-HCl-H2O system at 90 °C was investigated by weight loss method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potantiodynamic polarization techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the addition of TETA to H2S-HCl-H2O system inhibited the anodic reaction and reduced the corrosion rate of carbon steel due to adsorption of TETA molecules on the metal surface. The maximum inhibition efficiency of TETA was adjusting pH value to 6.05 with 10.1 mmol/L TETA additions in H2S-HCl-H2O system.
Recently, the influences of H2S and HCl concentration on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel at 90 °C have been respectively investigated in literatures [11, 12]. The results have shown that both H2S and HCl exhibited acceleration to the cathodic hydrogen evolution but had not influence on the anodic iron dissolution [11, 12]. In the solution with high acidity, some inhibitors maybe not have the best affection. Therefore, triethylene tetramine (TETA) as a typical neutralizing compound is chosen to decrease pH value of the acid solution of the condensation system of primary distillation plants in Lanzhou Petrochemic Company (LPC), China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). In the present work, the effect of triethylene tetramine (TETA) on carbon steel corrosion process in acid solution has been investigated using weight loss method, electrochemical measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 90 °C.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol8/80405546.pdf
The Effect of Triethylene Tetramine on the Corrosion Behavior of Carbon Steel in H2S-HCl-H2O system at 90 °C
Yawei Shao 1,2,*, Junwen Tang 1, Tao Zhang 1,2, Guozhe Meng 1,2, Fuhui Wang 1,2
shaoyawei@hrbeu.edu.cn
1 Corrosion and Protection Laboratory, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Nantong ST 145, Harbin, 150001, China
2 State Key Laboratory for Corrosion and Protection, Institute of Metals Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110015, China)
Abstract
The inhibitive effect of triethylene tetramine (TETA) as a neutralizer for the carbon steel in H2S-HCl-H2O system at 90 °C was investigated by weight loss method, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), potantiodynamic polarization techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the addition of TETA to H2S-HCl-H2O system inhibited the anodic reaction and reduced the corrosion rate of carbon steel due to adsorption of TETA molecules on the metal surface. The maximum inhibition efficiency of TETA was adjusting pH value to 6.05 with 10.1 mmol/L TETA additions in H2S-HCl-H2O system.
Recently, the influences of H2S and HCl concentration on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel at 90 °C have been respectively investigated in literatures [11, 12]. The results have shown that both H2S and HCl exhibited acceleration to the cathodic hydrogen evolution but had not influence on the anodic iron dissolution [11, 12]. In the solution with high acidity, some inhibitors maybe not have the best affection. Therefore, triethylene tetramine (TETA) as a typical neutralizing compound is chosen to decrease pH value of the acid solution of the condensation system of primary distillation plants in Lanzhou Petrochemic Company (LPC), China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC). In the present work, the effect of triethylene tetramine (TETA) on carbon steel corrosion process in acid solution has been investigated using weight loss method, electrochemical measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 90 °C.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol8/80405546.pdf
Theoretical Approach to the Study of Some Plant Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in HCl Solution
Oriental
Journal Of Chemistry, 2013, Vol. 29, No. (1): Pg. 277-283
Theoretical Approach to the Study of Some Plant Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in HCl Solution
Ambrish Singh*, Ashish Kumar And Tanay Pramanik
ambrish.16752@lpu.co.in
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Sciences, SCVE, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144 402, India.
ABSTRACT
Plant extracts are an environmentally friendly, biodegradable, nontoxic, cheap and easily available source of material which can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acid media. The effect of the plant extracts was investigated by theoretical approach.
Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO), Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO), Dipole Moment, Mulliken charges on heteroatoms and Molecular Volume were calculated and interpreted. Quantum chemical calculations revealed the adsorption of molecules onto the surface.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.orientjchem.org/dnload/AMBRISH-SINGH-ASHISH-KUMAR-and-TANAY-PRAMANIK-/OJCV029I01P277-283.pdf
Theoretical Approach to the Study of Some Plant Extracts as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in HCl Solution
Ambrish Singh*, Ashish Kumar And Tanay Pramanik
ambrish.16752@lpu.co.in
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Technology and Sciences, SCVE, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144 402, India.
ABSTRACT
Plant extracts are an environmentally friendly, biodegradable, nontoxic, cheap and easily available source of material which can be used as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in acid media. The effect of the plant extracts was investigated by theoretical approach.
Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO), Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO), Dipole Moment, Mulliken charges on heteroatoms and Molecular Volume were calculated and interpreted. Quantum chemical calculations revealed the adsorption of molecules onto the surface.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.orientjchem.org/dnload/AMBRISH-SINGH-ASHISH-KUMAR-and-TANAY-PRAMANIK-/OJCV029I01P277-283.pdf
Naphthenic Acid Challenges To Iron Sulfide Scales Generated In-Situ From Model Oils On Mild Steel At High Temperature
NACE
International Corrosion 2013 Conference & Expo, Paper No. 2512
Naphthenic Acid Challenges To Iron Sulfide Scales Generated In-Situ From Model Oils On Mild Steel At High Temperature
Gheorghe Bota, Srdjan Nesic
Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, 342 West State St., Athens, OH 45701
ABSTRACT
Iron sulfide scales are formed by sulfur corrosion on the inner walls of refinery distilling towers and transfer lines operating on sour crude oils. Sulfide scales are generally considered to partially reduce corrosion by other corrosive species in crudes, especially naphthenic acids. Sulfur and naphthenic acid corrosion occur simultaneously at similar high temperatures in both distilling units and corrosion research studies. Because the formation of sulfide scales affects the corrosion rates by sulfur species and naphthenic acids differently, corrosion investigation treating them together has hindered an understanding of their competitive corrosion mechanisms. This research study aims to disconnect the corrosive processes at high temperature by generating iron sulfide scales on metal surfaces using model oil compounds and then challenging the scale protectiveness with naphthenic acid.
The iron sulfide scales were generated on metal samples in the same experimental apparatus where they were later challenged by the naphthenic acids. This challenge procedure represents refinery operation to an extreme in that refineries routinely swing crude composition varying both sulfur and naphthenic acid concentrations. Experimental conditions (i.e., temperature, velocity) used during this sulfide/challenge protocol were chosen to match, as much as possible, operating conditions in distilling towers and their transfer lines.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.corrosioncenter.ohiou.edu/documents/NACE2013/NACE2013-Paper%202512_Bota.pdf
Naphthenic Acid Challenges To Iron Sulfide Scales Generated In-Situ From Model Oils On Mild Steel At High Temperature
Gheorghe Bota, Srdjan Nesic
Institute for Corrosion and Multiphase Technology, 342 West State St., Athens, OH 45701
ABSTRACT
Iron sulfide scales are formed by sulfur corrosion on the inner walls of refinery distilling towers and transfer lines operating on sour crude oils. Sulfide scales are generally considered to partially reduce corrosion by other corrosive species in crudes, especially naphthenic acids. Sulfur and naphthenic acid corrosion occur simultaneously at similar high temperatures in both distilling units and corrosion research studies. Because the formation of sulfide scales affects the corrosion rates by sulfur species and naphthenic acids differently, corrosion investigation treating them together has hindered an understanding of their competitive corrosion mechanisms. This research study aims to disconnect the corrosive processes at high temperature by generating iron sulfide scales on metal surfaces using model oil compounds and then challenging the scale protectiveness with naphthenic acid.
The iron sulfide scales were generated on metal samples in the same experimental apparatus where they were later challenged by the naphthenic acids. This challenge procedure represents refinery operation to an extreme in that refineries routinely swing crude composition varying both sulfur and naphthenic acid concentrations. Experimental conditions (i.e., temperature, velocity) used during this sulfide/challenge protocol were chosen to match, as much as possible, operating conditions in distilling towers and their transfer lines.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.corrosioncenter.ohiou.edu/documents/NACE2013/NACE2013-Paper%202512_Bota.pdf
Thermodynamic, adsorption and electrochemical studies for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by henna extract in acid medium
Egyptian
Journal of Petroleum, Volume 22, Issue 1, June 2013, Pages 17–25
Thermodynamic, adsorption and electrochemical studies for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by henna extract in acid medium
A. Hamdy, Nour Sh. El-Gendy
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City 11727, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in the presence of different concentrations of aqueous extract from henna leaves in 1 M HCl solution has been studied using the weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel was studied in the temperature range 293–333 K. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration but decreases with increasing temperature.
The activation and free energies for the inhibition reactions support the mechanism of physical adsorption. The adsorption of henna extract on C-steel surface is endothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicate that henna extract acts as a mixed inhibitor. Surface and protective film analysis have been carried out using; energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110062112000451
Thermodynamic, adsorption and electrochemical studies for corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by henna extract in acid medium
A. Hamdy, Nour Sh. El-Gendy
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, Nasr City 11727, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel in the presence of different concentrations of aqueous extract from henna leaves in 1 M HCl solution has been studied using the weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization techniques. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of carbon steel was studied in the temperature range 293–333 K. The inhibition efficiency increases with increasing inhibitor concentration but decreases with increasing temperature.
The activation and free energies for the inhibition reactions support the mechanism of physical adsorption. The adsorption of henna extract on C-steel surface is endothermic, spontaneous and consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicate that henna extract acts as a mixed inhibitor. Surface and protective film analysis have been carried out using; energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1110062112000451
Corrosion inhibition and Biocidal effect of some cationic surfactants based on Schiff base
Journal
of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Available online 26 March 2013, In
Press, Corrected Proof
Corrosion inhibition and Biocidal effect of some cationic surfactants based on Schiff base
Samy M. Shaban, Atef Saied, Salah M. Tawfik, A. Abd-Elaal, Ismail Aiad
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, EPRI, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
Three cationic surfactants based on Schiff base were fabricated: (E)-decyl-4-[(2-hydroxyethylamino) methyl]-N,N-dimethyl benzenaminium bromide (I), (E)-dodecyl-4-[(2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl]-N,N-dimethyl benzenaminium bromide (II) and (E)-hexadecyl-4-[(2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl]-N,N-dimethyl benzenaminium bromide (III). These were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in acid medium and antimicrobial agents against sulfate reducing bacteria, SRB.
Researchers employed three techniques were used for the corrosion inhibition evaluation: (1) weight loss, (2) polarization and (3) electrochemical impedance. They employed the serial dilution method determine the inhibiting effect of the compounds on the sulfate reducing bacteria growth. Results revealed that the prepared compounds have good antimicrobial activities against the SRB. They also are highly efficient as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 1 M HCl.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X13001160
Corrosion inhibition and Biocidal effect of some cationic surfactants based on Schiff base
Samy M. Shaban, Atef Saied, Salah M. Tawfik, A. Abd-Elaal, Ismail Aiad
Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute, EPRI, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
Three cationic surfactants based on Schiff base were fabricated: (E)-decyl-4-[(2-hydroxyethylamino) methyl]-N,N-dimethyl benzenaminium bromide (I), (E)-dodecyl-4-[(2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl]-N,N-dimethyl benzenaminium bromide (II) and (E)-hexadecyl-4-[(2-hydroxyethylamino)methyl]-N,N-dimethyl benzenaminium bromide (III). These were evaluated as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in acid medium and antimicrobial agents against sulfate reducing bacteria, SRB.
Researchers employed three techniques were used for the corrosion inhibition evaluation: (1) weight loss, (2) polarization and (3) electrochemical impedance. They employed the serial dilution method determine the inhibiting effect of the compounds on the sulfate reducing bacteria growth. Results revealed that the prepared compounds have good antimicrobial activities against the SRB. They also are highly efficient as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in 1 M HCl.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1226086X13001160
Thermodynamic and Adsorption Behaviour of Vitamin B1 as a Corrosion Inhibitor for AISI 4130 Steel Alloy in HCl Solution
Zeitschrift
für Physikalische Chemie: Vol. 227, No. 4, pp. 403-418, doi:
10.1524/zpch.2013.0276
Thermodynamic and Adsorption Behaviour of Vitamin B1 as a Corrosion Inhibitor for AISI 4130 Steel Alloy in HCl Solution
Ali Reza Hoseizadeh, Iman Danaee und Mohammed Hosein Maddahy
danaee@put.ac.ir
Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Abadan, Iran
Abstract
Researchers explored the inhibition ability of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) as a green inhibitor against the corrosion of AISI steel 4130 in 1 M HCl solution by polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Polarization studies indicated that Thiamine retards both the cathodic and anodic reactions through chemical adsorption and blocking the active corrosion sites.
The adsorption of thiamine obeyed the Frumkin adsorption isotherm. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy, enthalpy, entropy and free energy of activation and adsorption were calculated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the steel surface with and without inhibitor.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.oldenbourg-link.com/doi/abs/10.1524/zpch.2013.0276
Thermodynamic and Adsorption Behaviour of Vitamin B1 as a Corrosion Inhibitor for AISI 4130 Steel Alloy in HCl Solution
Ali Reza Hoseizadeh, Iman Danaee und Mohammed Hosein Maddahy
danaee@put.ac.ir
Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Abadan, Iran
Abstract
Researchers explored the inhibition ability of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) as a green inhibitor against the corrosion of AISI steel 4130 in 1 M HCl solution by polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Polarization studies indicated that Thiamine retards both the cathodic and anodic reactions through chemical adsorption and blocking the active corrosion sites.
The adsorption of thiamine obeyed the Frumkin adsorption isotherm. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters such as activation energy, enthalpy, entropy and free energy of activation and adsorption were calculated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to study the steel surface with and without inhibitor.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.oldenbourg-link.com/doi/abs/10.1524/zpch.2013.0276
Microbial influenced corrosion by thermophilic bacteria
Central
European Journal of Engineering, March 2012, Volume 2, Issue 1, pp 113-122
Microbial influenced corrosion by thermophilic bacteria
Suman Lata, Chhaya Sharma, Ajay K. Singh
1. Department of Paper Technology, IIT-Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, 247001, India
Abstract
Reports a study of microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) on stainless steels due to thermophilic bacteria Desulfotomaculum nigrificans. The purpose was to measure the extent of corrosion and correlate it with the growth of the biofilm by monitoring the composition of its extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).
Stainless steels 304L, 316L and 2205 were subjected to electrochemical polarization and immersion tests in the modified Baar’s media, control and inoculated, in anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) enabled identification of the chemicals present in/outside the pit. Results reveal maximum corrosive conditions when bacterial activity is highest. This in turn minimizes the amount of carbohydrate and protein along with the increase in the fraction of uronic acid in carbohydrate in EPS of the biofilm. However, although bacterial activity and corrosion rate decreases, the amount of biofilm components continue to increase.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://link.springer.com/article/10.2478/s13531-011-0056-z#
Microbial influenced corrosion by thermophilic bacteria
Suman Lata, Chhaya Sharma, Ajay K. Singh
1. Department of Paper Technology, IIT-Roorkee, Saharanpur Campus, Saharanpur, 247001, India
Abstract
Reports a study of microbial influenced corrosion (MIC) on stainless steels due to thermophilic bacteria Desulfotomaculum nigrificans. The purpose was to measure the extent of corrosion and correlate it with the growth of the biofilm by monitoring the composition of its extracellular polymeric substances (EPS).
Stainless steels 304L, 316L and 2205 were subjected to electrochemical polarization and immersion tests in the modified Baar’s media, control and inoculated, in anaerobic conditions at room temperature. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)/energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) enabled identification of the chemicals present in/outside the pit. Results reveal maximum corrosive conditions when bacterial activity is highest. This in turn minimizes the amount of carbohydrate and protein along with the increase in the fraction of uronic acid in carbohydrate in EPS of the biofilm. However, although bacterial activity and corrosion rate decreases, the amount of biofilm components continue to increase.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://link.springer.com/article/10.2478/s13531-011-0056-z#
The Effect of H2S Concentration and Temperature on Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steel A516-Gr70
Caspian
Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 1(5), pp. 41-47, 2012
The Effect of H2S Concentration and Temperature on Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steel A516-Gr70
Hossein Taheri 1, Saeid Kakooei 2*, Mokhtar Che Ismail 2, Abolghasem Dolati 3
skakooei59@hotmail.com
1 Corrosion Engineering Group, Engineering Faculty, Kish University, Kish Island, Iran
2 Center For Corrosion Research, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia.
3 Department of Materials Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
The effect of H2S concentration and temperature on corrosion behavior was studied for ASTM-A516-Gr70 in sour simulated solution. The dissolved H2S was created by chemical reactions in solution. Na2S·9H2O was chosen as test material to replace H2S because of the toxicity of H2S. The specimens were immersed into synthetic seawater saturated with H2S where corrosion behavior was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization, weight loss, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the hydrogen induced cracking can take place in H2S containing solution for A516-Gr70 steels.
The influence of different H2S concentration on corrosion behavior of pipeline steel A516-Gr70 under various temperatures were investigated in this work.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234100386_The_Effect_of_H2S_Concentration_and_Temperature_on_Corrosion_Behavior_of_Pipeline_Steel_A516-Gr70/file/d912f50f0fc85db88c.pdf
The Effect of H2S Concentration and Temperature on Corrosion Behavior of Pipeline Steel A516-Gr70
Hossein Taheri 1, Saeid Kakooei 2*, Mokhtar Che Ismail 2, Abolghasem Dolati 3
skakooei59@hotmail.com
1 Corrosion Engineering Group, Engineering Faculty, Kish University, Kish Island, Iran
2 Center For Corrosion Research, Mechanical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Tronoh, Perak, Malaysia.
3 Department of Materials Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
The effect of H2S concentration and temperature on corrosion behavior was studied for ASTM-A516-Gr70 in sour simulated solution. The dissolved H2S was created by chemical reactions in solution. Na2S·9H2O was chosen as test material to replace H2S because of the toxicity of H2S. The specimens were immersed into synthetic seawater saturated with H2S where corrosion behavior was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization, weight loss, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the hydrogen induced cracking can take place in H2S containing solution for A516-Gr70 steels.
The influence of different H2S concentration on corrosion behavior of pipeline steel A516-Gr70 under various temperatures were investigated in this work.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.researchgate.net/publication/234100386_The_Effect_of_H2S_Concentration_and_Temperature_on_Corrosion_Behavior_of_Pipeline_Steel_A516-Gr70/file/d912f50f0fc85db88c.pdf
Corrosion inhibitors for an aqueous medium (Nalco Company)
PATENT
Corrosion inhibitors for an aqueous medium (Nalco Company)
Publication number
US8105987 B2
Application number
12/245,806
Publication date
Jan 31, 2012
Also published as
US20100084611
Inventors
Erick J. Acosta, Jeffery Caleb Clark
Original Assignee
Nalco Company
Abstract
One or more methods for inhibiting corrosion in an aqueous medium that contain a composition with a specified generic formula are disclosed. The aqueous medium can be contained in an oil or gas pipeline or refinery.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The field of the invention pertains to corrosion inhibitors for an aqueous medium, e.g. an aqueous medium in an oil and gas pipeline or refinery.
BACKGROUND OF THE MENTION
Corrosion of metal surfaces in an aqueous medium has long been a problem for the oil and gas industry. It is well known that during the production of oil and gas several other corrosive components are present such as brines, organic acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and microorganisms. These aggressive constituents can cause severe corrosion to metal pipes, which are often made of low-alloy steels. This problem is even more troublesome in deep-sea operations where replacement of corroded equipment is difficult and costly. Therefore, it is common practice to employ corrosion inhibitors during the production, transportation, storage, and separation of crude oil and natural gas.
Corrosion inhibitors are usually surface-active compounds that form protective coatings on the surface of metal components, which come in contact with corrosive environments, and thus suppress corrosion. Common corrosion inhibitors are composed of amines, condensation products of fatty acids with polyamines, e.g. imidazolines, or quaternary ammonium compounds. Among the most frequently used corrosion inhibitors in crude oil and natural gas extraction are imidazoline derivatives. Alternative corrosion inhibitors that can be used alone or in combination with known corrosion inhibitors are being sought by the industry.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides for a method of inhibiting corrosion in an aqueous medium comprising: adding to the aqueous medium an effective corrosion inhibiting amount of a synergist, a synergist when H2S is present in the aqueous medium, or no synergist when H2S is present in the aqueous medium, and a composition comprising the following formula and optionally salts thereof:
•where R1 is CnH2n+1, wherein n=0 to 12; benzyl; or H;
•where R2 is a C1 to C22 alkyl;
•where R3 is CnH2n+1, wherein n=0 to 12; benzyl; or H;
•where X− is a halogen or a carboxylate and wherein X− is only present when both R1 and R3 are present;
•where Y═(CH2)n, wherein n is 1 to 8; and
•wherein R3 and R1 cannot be hydrogen at the same time.
The present invention also provides for a method of inhibiting corrosion in an aqueous medium comprising: adding to the medium an effective corrosion inhibiting amount of a synergist, a synergist when H2S is present in the aqueous medium, or no synergist when H2S is present in the aqueous medium, and a composition comprising the following formula and optionally salts thereof:
•where R1 is CnH2n+1, wherein n=0 to 12; benzyl; or H;
•where R2 is CnH2n+1, wherein n=1 to 22;
•where X═Cl, Br, or I
Free Full Text Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US8105987?dq=corrosion+refinery
Corrosion inhibitors for an aqueous medium (Nalco Company)
Publication number
US8105987 B2
Application number
12/245,806
Publication date
Jan 31, 2012
Also published as
US20100084611
Inventors
Erick J. Acosta, Jeffery Caleb Clark
Original Assignee
Nalco Company
Abstract
One or more methods for inhibiting corrosion in an aqueous medium that contain a composition with a specified generic formula are disclosed. The aqueous medium can be contained in an oil or gas pipeline or refinery.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The field of the invention pertains to corrosion inhibitors for an aqueous medium, e.g. an aqueous medium in an oil and gas pipeline or refinery.
BACKGROUND OF THE MENTION
Corrosion of metal surfaces in an aqueous medium has long been a problem for the oil and gas industry. It is well known that during the production of oil and gas several other corrosive components are present such as brines, organic acids, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and microorganisms. These aggressive constituents can cause severe corrosion to metal pipes, which are often made of low-alloy steels. This problem is even more troublesome in deep-sea operations where replacement of corroded equipment is difficult and costly. Therefore, it is common practice to employ corrosion inhibitors during the production, transportation, storage, and separation of crude oil and natural gas.
Corrosion inhibitors are usually surface-active compounds that form protective coatings on the surface of metal components, which come in contact with corrosive environments, and thus suppress corrosion. Common corrosion inhibitors are composed of amines, condensation products of fatty acids with polyamines, e.g. imidazolines, or quaternary ammonium compounds. Among the most frequently used corrosion inhibitors in crude oil and natural gas extraction are imidazoline derivatives. Alternative corrosion inhibitors that can be used alone or in combination with known corrosion inhibitors are being sought by the industry.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides for a method of inhibiting corrosion in an aqueous medium comprising: adding to the aqueous medium an effective corrosion inhibiting amount of a synergist, a synergist when H2S is present in the aqueous medium, or no synergist when H2S is present in the aqueous medium, and a composition comprising the following formula and optionally salts thereof:
•where R1 is CnH2n+1, wherein n=0 to 12; benzyl; or H;
•where R2 is a C1 to C22 alkyl;
•where R3 is CnH2n+1, wherein n=0 to 12; benzyl; or H;
•where X− is a halogen or a carboxylate and wherein X− is only present when both R1 and R3 are present;
•where Y═(CH2)n, wherein n is 1 to 8; and
•wherein R3 and R1 cannot be hydrogen at the same time.
The present invention also provides for a method of inhibiting corrosion in an aqueous medium comprising: adding to the medium an effective corrosion inhibiting amount of a synergist, a synergist when H2S is present in the aqueous medium, or no synergist when H2S is present in the aqueous medium, and a composition comprising the following formula and optionally salts thereof:
•where R1 is CnH2n+1, wherein n=0 to 12; benzyl; or H;
•where R2 is CnH2n+1, wherein n=1 to 22;
•where X═Cl, Br, or I
Free Full Text Source: http://www.google.com/patents/US8105987?dq=corrosion+refinery
The naphthenic acid number influence analysis at the stainless steel corrosion behavior - Electrochemical noise technic
EMCR
2012 - 10th Symposium on Electrochemical Methods in Corrosion Research,
Marogogi-Al, Brazil, November 18-23, 2012
The naphthenic acid number influence analysis at the stainless steel corrosion behavior - Electrochemical noise technic
Fernanda Hass 1, Ana C.T.G. Abrantes 2, Alysson N. Diógene s3, Haroldo A. Ponte 4
hass.fernanda@gmail.com
1 Universidade Federal do Paraná, PIPE
2 Universidade Federal do Paraná, PIPE
3 Universidade Federal do Paraná, PRH24-ANP/Petrobrás
4 Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Engenharia Química
Abstract
Naphthenic corrosion control is a major a challenge for heavy oil refineries. Its monitoring is essential for evaluating the applied operational corrosion control and to establish operational limits. Much research has been done focusing on the understanding of critical parameters and methodologies for monitoring the corrosion rate. None of them has presented a feasible online real time monitoring process. Authors present the use of the Electrochemical Noise (EN) technique as a process for evaluating refinery process control parameters and corrosion monitoring by naphthenic acids.
The corrosion control is of great importance for safety and operational performance at refineries. The crude oils used to present, at its composition, a range of contaminants that induce corrosion damages during the higher temperature distillation process, as the naphthenic acid. (SILVA, 2010).
The electrochemical noise technique has recently been considered, by the researches community, as a feasible online and real time technique for monitoring the naphthenic corrosion in spite the high environment resistivity (SILVA, 2010). The electrochemical noise signal is a consequence of spontaneous current and potential fluctuations caused by corrosion or surface chemical reactions processes. With a proper signal analysis it could be possible to obtain information about the corrosion rate and the corrosions modus. That means, whether the corrosion is a general or localized process (COTTIS, 2006).
This work considers the evaluation of the 316 stainless steel behavior at a mineral oil containing naphthenic acid for 5 hours. It was considered solutions with different naphthenic acid numbers and different temperatures. The electrodes were tree equal 316 stainless steel rods. The solutions were prepared with Total Acid Number - TAN´s of 0,5 mg KOH/g, 1,5 mg KOH/g and 2,5 mg KOH/g. The tested temperatures were 25°C, 65°C e 120oC. The experiment was done by using a potenciostat/galvanostat ZRA Reference 600 from Gamry Instruments. The selected operational frequency was 500 Hz with an acquisition frequency of 10 Hz. The electrochemical noise signal was treated considering the AL-MAZEEDI and COTTIS (2004) methodology.
Free Full Text Source: http://sites.poli.usp.br/org/emcr2012/CD/PDF/Poster/Tu-27_Hass.pdf
The naphthenic acid number influence analysis at the stainless steel corrosion behavior - Electrochemical noise technic
Fernanda Hass 1, Ana C.T.G. Abrantes 2, Alysson N. Diógene s3, Haroldo A. Ponte 4
hass.fernanda@gmail.com
1 Universidade Federal do Paraná, PIPE
2 Universidade Federal do Paraná, PIPE
3 Universidade Federal do Paraná, PRH24-ANP/Petrobrás
4 Universidade Federal do Paraná, Departamento de Engenharia Química
Abstract
Naphthenic corrosion control is a major a challenge for heavy oil refineries. Its monitoring is essential for evaluating the applied operational corrosion control and to establish operational limits. Much research has been done focusing on the understanding of critical parameters and methodologies for monitoring the corrosion rate. None of them has presented a feasible online real time monitoring process. Authors present the use of the Electrochemical Noise (EN) technique as a process for evaluating refinery process control parameters and corrosion monitoring by naphthenic acids.
The corrosion control is of great importance for safety and operational performance at refineries. The crude oils used to present, at its composition, a range of contaminants that induce corrosion damages during the higher temperature distillation process, as the naphthenic acid. (SILVA, 2010).
The electrochemical noise technique has recently been considered, by the researches community, as a feasible online and real time technique for monitoring the naphthenic corrosion in spite the high environment resistivity (SILVA, 2010). The electrochemical noise signal is a consequence of spontaneous current and potential fluctuations caused by corrosion or surface chemical reactions processes. With a proper signal analysis it could be possible to obtain information about the corrosion rate and the corrosions modus. That means, whether the corrosion is a general or localized process (COTTIS, 2006).
This work considers the evaluation of the 316 stainless steel behavior at a mineral oil containing naphthenic acid for 5 hours. It was considered solutions with different naphthenic acid numbers and different temperatures. The electrodes were tree equal 316 stainless steel rods. The solutions were prepared with Total Acid Number - TAN´s of 0,5 mg KOH/g, 1,5 mg KOH/g and 2,5 mg KOH/g. The tested temperatures were 25°C, 65°C e 120oC. The experiment was done by using a potenciostat/galvanostat ZRA Reference 600 from Gamry Instruments. The selected operational frequency was 500 Hz with an acquisition frequency of 10 Hz. The electrochemical noise signal was treated considering the AL-MAZEEDI and COTTIS (2004) methodology.
Free Full Text Source: http://sites.poli.usp.br/org/emcr2012/CD/PDF/Poster/Tu-27_Hass.pdf
Investigating Corrosion Treatment on Carbonic Steel in Amin Unit with TOEFEL Polarization
World
of Sciences Journal; 2013[02]
Investigating Corrosion Treatment on Carbonic Steel in Amin Unit with TOEFEL Polarization
Amir Samimi* 1, Ali Bagheri2
amirsamimi1161@gmail.com
a-bagheri@hotmail.com
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, IRAN
2 Young Researchers and Elite Club, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract:
Stripe coat is a coating film of color which is applied before and after a full coating on the edge or weld lines of a metal skeleton. It is applied in order to create a structure capable of resisting corrosion in the welds. Therefore SC has more protection for the edge of the coverage or weld line. Technical knowledge is relevant to community of protective coatings that has the following recommendations about SC color usage, the shape of painted area and keeping of color of steels.
α-MDEA corrosion characters in addition to operatory situation depend on its density. In this survey we investigate applying density effect of 10% to 30% weight on solvent corrosion situation on carbonic simple steel on collision or temperature different situation. Results shows that carbonic simple steel corrosion Rate is minimum in 10% density, but its passio film is unstable. Pasio film for stable in 37% density and stable on different temperatures and even on collision, because it’s produce low corrosion rate in different temperature, density or collision, in this phase show that α-MDEA density minimum for creating acceptable situation of pasio film is equal to 31 wt%. In this density there is not any possibility for making Iron oxide and creating flow increase on the polarization curves passio Region.
Free Full Text Source: http://engineerspress.com/pdf/WSJ/2013-02/a10_WSJ-131210_.pdf
Investigating Corrosion Treatment on Carbonic Steel in Amin Unit with TOEFEL Polarization
Amir Samimi* 1, Ali Bagheri2
amirsamimi1161@gmail.com
a-bagheri@hotmail.com
1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, IRAN
2 Young Researchers and Elite Club, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract:
Stripe coat is a coating film of color which is applied before and after a full coating on the edge or weld lines of a metal skeleton. It is applied in order to create a structure capable of resisting corrosion in the welds. Therefore SC has more protection for the edge of the coverage or weld line. Technical knowledge is relevant to community of protective coatings that has the following recommendations about SC color usage, the shape of painted area and keeping of color of steels.
α-MDEA corrosion characters in addition to operatory situation depend on its density. In this survey we investigate applying density effect of 10% to 30% weight on solvent corrosion situation on carbonic simple steel on collision or temperature different situation. Results shows that carbonic simple steel corrosion Rate is minimum in 10% density, but its passio film is unstable. Pasio film for stable in 37% density and stable on different temperatures and even on collision, because it’s produce low corrosion rate in different temperature, density or collision, in this phase show that α-MDEA density minimum for creating acceptable situation of pasio film is equal to 31 wt%. In this density there is not any possibility for making Iron oxide and creating flow increase on the polarization curves passio Region.
Free Full Text Source: http://engineerspress.com/pdf/WSJ/2013-02/a10_WSJ-131210_.pdf
Interim Investigation Report - Draft For Public Comment - Chevron Richmond Refinery Fire
U.S.
Chemical Safety And Hazard Investigation Board, April 2013
Interim Investigation Report - Draft For Public Comment - Chevron Richmond Refinery Fire
Summary
On August 6, 2012, the Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Refinery in Richmond, California, experienced a catastrophic pipe failure in the #4 Crude Unit. The pipe ruptured, releasing flammable, hydrocarbon process fluid which partially vaporized into a large vapor cloud that engulfed nineteen Chevron employees. All of the employees escaped, narrowly avoiding serious injury. The flammable portion of the vapor cloud ignited just over two minutes after the pipe ruptured. The ignition and subsequent continued burning of the hydrocarbon process fluid resulted in a large plume of unknown and unquantified particulates and vapor traveling across the Richmond, California, area. In the weeks following the incident, approximately 15,000 people from the surrounding area sought medical treatment due to the release. Testing commissioned by the CSB and the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) determined that the pipe failed due to thinning caused by sulfidation corrosion, a common damage mechanism in refineries.
As a result of the incident, the Chevron Richmond Refinery crude unit remains out of commission over eight months later. In addition, Cal/OSHA issued the refinery 17 citations related to the incident and eight additional citations, with a total proposed fine of nearly one million dollars. In this interim report, the CSB is issuing recommendations to Chevron, the City of Richmond, Contra Costa County, Cal/OSHA, the State of California, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, addressing the need for inherently safer design, rigorous and documented damage mechanism hazard reviews, and thorough analyses of process safeguards.
This interim investigation report contains detailed analyses of and makes recommendations to Chevron and regulatory bodies at the local, state, and federal level. The CSB believes the findings and recommendations presented in this report can be applied to refineries, chemical plants, and other industries nationwide to improve process safety.
The CSB plans to release a comprehensive Final Investigation Report later in 2013 that will include analyses and recommendations relating to technical and regulatory investigation findings which are not included in this interim report. The Final Investigation Report will cover topics including: the importance of having a competent, well-funded regulator and an adaptable regulatory regime; Chevron safety culture; process safety indicator data collection and reporting; emergency planning and response; stop work authority; and recommendations for improvement of petroleum industry standards and recommended practices. Some of these issues are previewed at the end of this interim report under Additional Issues Currently Under Investigation.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.csb.gov/assets/1/16/Draft_Report_for_Public_Comment.pdf
Interim Investigation Report - Draft For Public Comment - Chevron Richmond Refinery Fire
Summary
On August 6, 2012, the Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Refinery in Richmond, California, experienced a catastrophic pipe failure in the #4 Crude Unit. The pipe ruptured, releasing flammable, hydrocarbon process fluid which partially vaporized into a large vapor cloud that engulfed nineteen Chevron employees. All of the employees escaped, narrowly avoiding serious injury. The flammable portion of the vapor cloud ignited just over two minutes after the pipe ruptured. The ignition and subsequent continued burning of the hydrocarbon process fluid resulted in a large plume of unknown and unquantified particulates and vapor traveling across the Richmond, California, area. In the weeks following the incident, approximately 15,000 people from the surrounding area sought medical treatment due to the release. Testing commissioned by the CSB and the California Division of Occupational Safety and Health (Cal/OSHA) determined that the pipe failed due to thinning caused by sulfidation corrosion, a common damage mechanism in refineries.
As a result of the incident, the Chevron Richmond Refinery crude unit remains out of commission over eight months later. In addition, Cal/OSHA issued the refinery 17 citations related to the incident and eight additional citations, with a total proposed fine of nearly one million dollars. In this interim report, the CSB is issuing recommendations to Chevron, the City of Richmond, Contra Costa County, Cal/OSHA, the State of California, and the United States Environmental Protection Agency, addressing the need for inherently safer design, rigorous and documented damage mechanism hazard reviews, and thorough analyses of process safeguards.
This interim investigation report contains detailed analyses of and makes recommendations to Chevron and regulatory bodies at the local, state, and federal level. The CSB believes the findings and recommendations presented in this report can be applied to refineries, chemical plants, and other industries nationwide to improve process safety.
The CSB plans to release a comprehensive Final Investigation Report later in 2013 that will include analyses and recommendations relating to technical and regulatory investigation findings which are not included in this interim report. The Final Investigation Report will cover topics including: the importance of having a competent, well-funded regulator and an adaptable regulatory regime; Chevron safety culture; process safety indicator data collection and reporting; emergency planning and response; stop work authority; and recommendations for improvement of petroleum industry standards and recommended practices. Some of these issues are previewed at the end of this interim report under Additional Issues Currently Under Investigation.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.csb.gov/assets/1/16/Draft_Report_for_Public_Comment.pdf
Review on Materials for Corrosion Prevention in Oil Industry
SPE
International Conference & Workshop on Oilfield Corrosion, 28-29 May 2012,
Aberdeen, UK
Review on Materials for Corrosion Prevention in Oil Industry
Anshul Arora, Siddharth Kumar Pandey
Rajiv Gandhi Institute Of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli, India
Abstract
The primary cause of corrosion is the presence of mineral acids such as hydrogen chloride formed by hydrolysis of salts present in crude oil. Significant research has resulted in the design and development of new materials and procedures to reduce the water content and neutralize the acids in crude.
New corrosion-proof materials for coating in pipelines, chemical reagents and surface active substances for neutralization of acids as well as breaking of emulsions have been created. Anionic, cationic and non-ionic surface active reagents are reported to be effective in demulsification application. Particularly the amphiphilic block copolymers, such as polyetyleneoxide-block-polypropylene oxide are used globally for the process of demulsification. Various organic amines are used in the overheads of atmospheric columns for neutralization of acids. Numerous nitrogenated compounds are also used as corrosion inhibitors in different refining operations. HERCULES-30617, KEMLIX-1123X and DEOL-4241 are some of commercial names used for the purpose of corrosion inhibition.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-155211-MS
Review on Materials for Corrosion Prevention in Oil Industry
Anshul Arora, Siddharth Kumar Pandey
Rajiv Gandhi Institute Of Petroleum Technology, Rae Bareli, India
Abstract
The primary cause of corrosion is the presence of mineral acids such as hydrogen chloride formed by hydrolysis of salts present in crude oil. Significant research has resulted in the design and development of new materials and procedures to reduce the water content and neutralize the acids in crude.
New corrosion-proof materials for coating in pipelines, chemical reagents and surface active substances for neutralization of acids as well as breaking of emulsions have been created. Anionic, cationic and non-ionic surface active reagents are reported to be effective in demulsification application. Particularly the amphiphilic block copolymers, such as polyetyleneoxide-block-polypropylene oxide are used globally for the process of demulsification. Various organic amines are used in the overheads of atmospheric columns for neutralization of acids. Numerous nitrogenated compounds are also used as corrosion inhibitors in different refining operations. HERCULES-30617, KEMLIX-1123X and DEOL-4241 are some of commercial names used for the purpose of corrosion inhibition.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-155211-MS
Development of Corrosion Inhibitors for Prevention of Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC)
NACE
International Corrosion 2013 Conference & Expo - Paper No. 2509
Development of Corrosion Inhibitors for Prevention of Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC)
Ming Shen, Alla Furman, Rita Kharshan, Tim Whited
Cortec Corporation. St Paul, Minnesota
ABSTRACT
Inhibition of Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC) in the multiphase natural gas pipelines remains unsolved in spite of numerous researches. The majority of studies in the area are still at the laboratory testing and screening phase. It is assumed that the effectiveness of the injected corrosion inhibitor strongly depends on its volatility. On the other hand, the harsh conditions of top of the line (TOL) application, including low pH of freshly condensed water and elevated temperature and pressure, require a strong affinity between the inhibitor molecule and the material of the pipe.
A variety of compounds were selected based on their physical-chemical properties and the available data on the mechanisms of corrosion prevention. Testing includes the evaluation of corrosion inhibition of carbon steel at 70°C with pH4 condensate, with and without the flow of carbon dioxide. It was found that azoles, certain acetylene alcohol, and a “green” volatile aldehyde provided the best potential for TLC prevention.
The goal of this study is to evaluate a wide variety of TOL inhibitor candidates to find TOL inhibitors that are effective in acidic environments.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.cortecvci.com/Publications/Papers/2013-NACE-2509.pdf
Development of Corrosion Inhibitors for Prevention of Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC)
Ming Shen, Alla Furman, Rita Kharshan, Tim Whited
Cortec Corporation. St Paul, Minnesota
ABSTRACT
Inhibition of Top of the Line Corrosion (TLC) in the multiphase natural gas pipelines remains unsolved in spite of numerous researches. The majority of studies in the area are still at the laboratory testing and screening phase. It is assumed that the effectiveness of the injected corrosion inhibitor strongly depends on its volatility. On the other hand, the harsh conditions of top of the line (TOL) application, including low pH of freshly condensed water and elevated temperature and pressure, require a strong affinity between the inhibitor molecule and the material of the pipe.
A variety of compounds were selected based on their physical-chemical properties and the available data on the mechanisms of corrosion prevention. Testing includes the evaluation of corrosion inhibition of carbon steel at 70°C with pH4 condensate, with and without the flow of carbon dioxide. It was found that azoles, certain acetylene alcohol, and a “green” volatile aldehyde provided the best potential for TLC prevention.
The goal of this study is to evaluate a wide variety of TOL inhibitor candidates to find TOL inhibitors that are effective in acidic environments.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.cortecvci.com/Publications/Papers/2013-NACE-2509.pdf
Research on the Relational Model of Corrosion Factors of Air Cooler on Atmospheric Tower
Advanced
Materials Research (Volumes 634 - 638), Pages 1626-1629, DOI
10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.634-638.1626 (2013)
Research on the Relational Model of Corrosion Factors of Air Cooler on Atmospheric Tower
Bin Feng, Bing Chen, Guo Gu, Chang Jiang Wu
Abstract
A study of corrosion perforation of an air cooler on an atmospheric tower in a refinery determined the main cause to be outer wall pitting, and the leading factors resulting in the air cooler failure to be Cl-, PH , temperature and Na+.
With orthogonal model design test program to the main factors, and through polarization curves experiments obtain the corresponding corrosion potential, corrosion rate, pitting potential. Analysis of the change of Cl-, PH value, temperature and Na+ to the air condenser corrosion influence. Results reveal that Cl- concentration, Na+ concentration rise make air cooler on atmospheric tower happening corrosion easily. The PH value rise make air cooler on atmospheric tower happening corrsion less likely, which has a protective effect to the passive film; Temperature rise make air cooler on atmospheric tower passivation membrane formation rate increase, and at the same time pitting corrosion is more likely to occur.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.scientific.net/AMR.634-638.1626
Research on the Relational Model of Corrosion Factors of Air Cooler on Atmospheric Tower
Bin Feng, Bing Chen, Guo Gu, Chang Jiang Wu
Abstract
A study of corrosion perforation of an air cooler on an atmospheric tower in a refinery determined the main cause to be outer wall pitting, and the leading factors resulting in the air cooler failure to be Cl-, PH , temperature and Na+.
With orthogonal model design test program to the main factors, and through polarization curves experiments obtain the corresponding corrosion potential, corrosion rate, pitting potential. Analysis of the change of Cl-, PH value, temperature and Na+ to the air condenser corrosion influence. Results reveal that Cl- concentration, Na+ concentration rise make air cooler on atmospheric tower happening corrosion easily. The PH value rise make air cooler on atmospheric tower happening corrsion less likely, which has a protective effect to the passive film; Temperature rise make air cooler on atmospheric tower passivation membrane formation rate increase, and at the same time pitting corrosion is more likely to occur.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.scientific.net/AMR.634-638.1626
Minimise corrosion while maximising distillate
PTQ
-Petroleum Technology Quarterly, Q3 2012
Minimise corrosion while maximising distillate
Reducing atmospheric fractionator overhead temperatures to maximise middle distillate production requires a full understanding of resulting corrosion mechanisms
Brandon Payne
GE Water & Process Technologies
Sustained growth in the demand for jet fuel, diesel and other middle distillate products is expected to have a continuing impact on unit operations, product pricing, product selection and refining margins into the foreseeable future. As more and more new facilities come online to supply the demand for tighter product sulphur specifications, refiners will continue to maximise distillate production in their atmospheric distillation units to take advantage of favourable product pricing. However, maximising the production of these fuel streams requires a continual assessment of the entire processing system beyond the mechanical capability of pumps, piping and valves to ensure reliable operation of the unit in a market environment that favours distillate production. As refineries continue to lower tower top temperatures in an effort to increase product draws in the distillate sections of the column, the conditions for introducing salt fouling and corrosion mechanisms into Reducing atmospheric fractionator overhead temperatures to maximise middle distillate production requires a full understanding of resulting corrosion mechanisms into areas that previously were not affected come to the forefront. Refiners must address the hazards of unmonitored distillate maximisation on corrosion in the crude distillation column top section and overhead system. In this article, overhead corrosion control strategies and guidelines are discussed to help refiners maintain reliable unit operation while maximising distillate production.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.digitalrefining.com/data/articles/file/1244655271.pdf
Minimise corrosion while maximising distillate
Reducing atmospheric fractionator overhead temperatures to maximise middle distillate production requires a full understanding of resulting corrosion mechanisms
Brandon Payne
GE Water & Process Technologies
Sustained growth in the demand for jet fuel, diesel and other middle distillate products is expected to have a continuing impact on unit operations, product pricing, product selection and refining margins into the foreseeable future. As more and more new facilities come online to supply the demand for tighter product sulphur specifications, refiners will continue to maximise distillate production in their atmospheric distillation units to take advantage of favourable product pricing. However, maximising the production of these fuel streams requires a continual assessment of the entire processing system beyond the mechanical capability of pumps, piping and valves to ensure reliable operation of the unit in a market environment that favours distillate production. As refineries continue to lower tower top temperatures in an effort to increase product draws in the distillate sections of the column, the conditions for introducing salt fouling and corrosion mechanisms into Reducing atmospheric fractionator overhead temperatures to maximise middle distillate production requires a full understanding of resulting corrosion mechanisms into areas that previously were not affected come to the forefront. Refiners must address the hazards of unmonitored distillate maximisation on corrosion in the crude distillation column top section and overhead system. In this article, overhead corrosion control strategies and guidelines are discussed to help refiners maintain reliable unit operation while maximising distillate production.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.digitalrefining.com/data/articles/file/1244655271.pdf
The influence of temperature on the corrosion resistance of 10# carbon steel for refinery heat exchanger tubes
Applied
Surface Science, Available online 18 May 2013, In Press, Accepted Manuscript
The influence of temperature on the corrosion resistance of 10# carbon steel for refinery heat exchanger tubes
Xu Xiu-qing a, b, Bai Zhen-quan a, Feng Yao-rong a, Ma Qiu-rong a, Zhao Wen-zhen b
a Tubular Goods Research Institute of China National Petroleum Corporation, Xi’an Shanxi 710065
b Schools of Material Science and Technology, Xi’An Jiao Tong University, Xi’an Shanxi 710065)
Abstract
Describes results of a study of the corrosion problem of refinery heat exchanger tubes (10# carbon steel) in saline wastewater using autoclave test and electrochemical methods.
Results revealed the formation mechanism of corrosion products film and indicated that the corrosion process of 10# steel in the corrosion medium with different temperature was divided into two parts: one was the formation of corrosion products below 50 °C, the other was the formation and dissolution of corrosion products film.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433213009616
The influence of temperature on the corrosion resistance of 10# carbon steel for refinery heat exchanger tubes
Xu Xiu-qing a, b, Bai Zhen-quan a, Feng Yao-rong a, Ma Qiu-rong a, Zhao Wen-zhen b
a Tubular Goods Research Institute of China National Petroleum Corporation, Xi’an Shanxi 710065
b Schools of Material Science and Technology, Xi’An Jiao Tong University, Xi’an Shanxi 710065)
Abstract
Describes results of a study of the corrosion problem of refinery heat exchanger tubes (10# carbon steel) in saline wastewater using autoclave test and electrochemical methods.
Results revealed the formation mechanism of corrosion products film and indicated that the corrosion process of 10# steel in the corrosion medium with different temperature was divided into two parts: one was the formation of corrosion products below 50 °C, the other was the formation and dissolution of corrosion products film.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169433213009616
Petroleum bioprocessing to prevent refinery corrosion (Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources Canada)
PATENT
Petroleum bioprocessing to prevent refinery corrosion (Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources Canada)
Publication number
EP2419493 A1
Application number
EP20090843182
Publication date
Feb 22, 2012
Also published as
CA2755630A1, US20120028341, WO2010118498A1
Inventors
Louis D. Heerze
Applicant
Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources Canada
EP 2419493 A1 (text from WO2010118498A1)
Abstract
The present invention relates to the bioupgrading of crude oil is directed to a process for decreasing the acidity of an acidic crude oil, comprising contacting an acidic crude oil with a mixture nitrogen containing compounds selected from the group comprising ammonia, ammonia hydroxide, amines and the salts thereof, and in the presence of lipase enzyme, under conditions of suitable temperature and pressure sufficient to form the corresponding amide. The resulting naphthenic acid derived amides can then be processed normally in a refinery using such processes as cracking or hydrotreating and converted to hydrocarbon, ammonia and carbon dioxide without causing damage to the refinery infrastructure. This enzyme process is done at reduced temperatures (40-60°C) and pressures requiring less energy.
Description
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a process for bioupgrading crude oil. More specifically, the present invention discloses the use of lipase enzyme to convert naphthenic acid compounds, in combination with ammonia hydroxide or other amines, into amides that do not possess any corrosive properties. The resulting naphthenic acid derived amides can then be processed normally in a refinery using such processes as cracking or hydrotreating and converted to hydrocarbon, ammonia and carbon dioxide without causing damage to the refinery infrastructure.
Background of the Invention
The quality of crude oil throughout the world is reduced by acidic components found in the oil. During refining, at temperatures between 220 and 400 0C, these species can become corrosive. Acidic species such as naphthenic acids that have boiling points in this temperature range will condense on metal surfaces leading to damage in the refinery infrastructure, potential safety issues, and costly repairs. As a result, oils with high acid content, whether from conventional (crude oil) or oil sands (bitumen) sources, are more difficult to market and their value is significantly discounted.
Conventional methods to remove corrosive species from crude oil involve costly and energy-intensive chemical and thermal processes. For example, the current technologies developed to remove organic acids from crude oil involve either thermal decomposition at 400°C (Blum et al. in U.S. Patent 5,820,750), adsorbing onto inert materials (Varadaraj in U.S. Patent 6,454,936), treating with surfactants (Gorbaty et al. in Canadian Patent 2,226,750) or converting the organic acids into various derivatives that are easier to remove (Brons in U.S. Patent 5,871,637, Sartori et al. in Canadian
Patents 2,343,769 and 2,345,271, and Varadaraj et al. in U.S. Patent 6, 096,196). Efforts to minimize organic acid corrosion have included a number of approaches for neutralizing and removing the acids from the oil. For example, there are numerous approaches in the literature on the reduction of the organic acid species in crude oil. They include thermal decomposition of organic acids using high temperatures in the presence (U.S. Patents 5,914,030, 5,928,502) or absence (U.S. Patent 5,820,750) of a metal catalyst and treatment of corrosive acids with group IA and HA metal oxides, hydroxides and hydrates to form metal salts of naphthenic acids which are then thermally decomposed at elevated temperatures (U.S. Patents 5,985,137, 5,891,325, 5,871,637, 6,022,494, 6,190,541, 6,679,987). Other methods include chemical formation of esters of the organic acids in the presence of alcohol and a base (U.S. Patents 5,948,238, 6,251,305, 6,767,452, and Canadian Patent 2,343,769), reducing acidity by the formation of various salts of organic acids using base (U.S. Patents 5,643,439, 5,683,626, 5,961,821, 6,030,523), removal of naphthenic acids using detergents or surfactants (U.S. Patents 6,054,042, 6,454,936), absorbing organic acids onto polymeric amines (U.S. Patents 6,121,411, 6,281,328) and by adding corrosion inhibitors to crude oil to prevent naphthenic acid induced metal corrosion (U.S. Patent 5,552,085).
U.S. Patent 6,258,258 and Canadian Patent 2,345,271 describe the formation of naphthenic acid amides by treating crude oil with excess ammonia at elevated temperatures (above 180 0C) and elevated pressures (100-400 kPa).
While these processes have achieved varying degrees of success, most of these methods are costly and energy-intensive and their effectiveness somewhat limited. As a result, there is a need to develop alternative approaches to eliminate the corrosive species in petroleum and for treating acidic crudes.
Recently it has been reported that lipase B (Mickiyo in European Patent 0287634), from the fungi Candida Antarctica, produced by industrial enzyme producer Novozymes, demonstrated catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of fatty acids and converts them into fatty acid esters in the presence of alcohol (Anderson et al. in Biocat. Biotrans. 1998, 16, 181-204). The enzyme also has the ability to convert fatty acids, carboxylic acids and triglycerides into amides by the addition of amines or ammonia (DeZoete et al. in PCT Patent Application PCT/EP 1994/003038 with publication number WO 95/07359; DeZoete et al. in Ann. NY Acad. ScL 1996, 799, 346-350; Egraz in U.S. Patent 5,973,203; Hacking et al. in Biotech. Bioeng. 2002, 68, 84-91; Ignacio et al. in Chem. Soc. Rev. 2004, 33, 201-9; Irimescu et al. in Tet. Lett. 2004, 45, 523-525; Litjens et al. in PCT WO 00/58490; Madeira Lau et al. in Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 4189-4191; and Tuccio et al. in Tet. Lett. 1991, 32, 2763-2764).
However, the art is substantially bereft of methods for upgrading the quality of crude oil comprising naphthenic acids by the use of enzymes or biocatalysts. U.S. Patents 7,101,410, 6,461,859 and 5,358,870 describe the use of biocatalysts, such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae, hemoprotein, and a cell-free enzyme preparation from Rhodococcus sp. ATCC 53969, respectively, to improve the quality of oil specifically target organic sulphur containing molecule by reducing the sulphur content as well as lowering their viscosity. U.S. Patent 5,858,766 describes the use of microorganisms (a bacteria strain) in a bioupgrading capacity to selectively remove organic nitrogen and sulphur in oil as well as remove metals.
There remains the need for bioprocesses, as an attractive alternative to current upgrading methods, that use enzymes to improve the quality of crude oil and bitumen by removing acidic species.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention is directed to bioupgrading, i.e., using enzymes to improve the quality of crude oil and bitumen. The advantages of bioupgrading technologies lie in that they operate under much milder conditions, for example, at lower temperatures and pressures, compared to those required by conventional technologies. Consequently, much less energy will be required. As a result, the environmental impacts would be reduced. Furthermore, since biocatalysts and enzymes are specific in their conversions, only the undesirable components - in this case, corrosive species - are converted into non-corrosive ones without affecting the rest of the crude oil. The result is an improvement in the overall quality of the oil and refinery corrosion prevention.
The present invention identifies a bioupgrading use for a lipase enzyme, more specifically but not limited to lipase B (Novozyme™ 435) originally isolated from the fungi Candida antarctica, and now a recombinant enzyme expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. This lipase enzyme has the capability to convert organic acids including naphthenic acid model compounds, in combination with ammonia hydroxide or other amines, into chemical species (amides) that do not possess any corrosive properties. The amide products generated from enzyme reaction were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The resulting naphthenic acid derived amides can then be processed normally in a refinery using such processes as cracking or hydrotreating and converted to hydrocarbon, ammonia and carbon dioxide without causing damage to the refinery infrastructure.
One of the advantages of this lipase B enzyme is that the enzyme is thermostable and can function at temperatures of 40-60°C. The enzyme can carry out bioconversions in organic solvents such as toluene or heptane and possesses broad substrate specificity. As such, lipase B, and/or similar suitable enzymes, can be used to reduce the corrosive properties of crude oil and bitumen by converting organic acids including naphthenic acids in crude oil into a non-corrosive species such as naphthenic acid amides. This process is done at reduced temperatures (40-60°C) and pressures that require less energy. The resulting naphthenic acid derived amides can then be processed normally in a refinery using such processes as cracking or hydrotreating and converted to hydrocarbon, ammonia and carbon dioxide without causing damage to the refinery infrastructure.
In one aspect of the present invention, it discloses a process for decreasing the acidity of an acidic crude oil, comprising: a. contacting an acidic crude oil with at least one nitrogen containing compound, and b. incubating the mixture obtained from step (a) in the presence of lipase enzyme; under conditions of suitable temperature and pressure sufficient to form the corresponding amides.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.google.com/patents/EP2419493A1?cl=en
Petroleum bioprocessing to prevent refinery corrosion (Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources Canada)
Publication number
EP2419493 A1
Application number
EP20090843182
Publication date
Feb 22, 2012
Also published as
CA2755630A1, US20120028341, WO2010118498A1
Inventors
Louis D. Heerze
Applicant
Her Majesty The Queen In Right Of Canada As Represented By The Minister Of Natural Resources Canada
EP 2419493 A1 (text from WO2010118498A1)
Abstract
The present invention relates to the bioupgrading of crude oil is directed to a process for decreasing the acidity of an acidic crude oil, comprising contacting an acidic crude oil with a mixture nitrogen containing compounds selected from the group comprising ammonia, ammonia hydroxide, amines and the salts thereof, and in the presence of lipase enzyme, under conditions of suitable temperature and pressure sufficient to form the corresponding amide. The resulting naphthenic acid derived amides can then be processed normally in a refinery using such processes as cracking or hydrotreating and converted to hydrocarbon, ammonia and carbon dioxide without causing damage to the refinery infrastructure. This enzyme process is done at reduced temperatures (40-60°C) and pressures requiring less energy.
Description
Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a process for bioupgrading crude oil. More specifically, the present invention discloses the use of lipase enzyme to convert naphthenic acid compounds, in combination with ammonia hydroxide or other amines, into amides that do not possess any corrosive properties. The resulting naphthenic acid derived amides can then be processed normally in a refinery using such processes as cracking or hydrotreating and converted to hydrocarbon, ammonia and carbon dioxide without causing damage to the refinery infrastructure.
Background of the Invention
The quality of crude oil throughout the world is reduced by acidic components found in the oil. During refining, at temperatures between 220 and 400 0C, these species can become corrosive. Acidic species such as naphthenic acids that have boiling points in this temperature range will condense on metal surfaces leading to damage in the refinery infrastructure, potential safety issues, and costly repairs. As a result, oils with high acid content, whether from conventional (crude oil) or oil sands (bitumen) sources, are more difficult to market and their value is significantly discounted.
Conventional methods to remove corrosive species from crude oil involve costly and energy-intensive chemical and thermal processes. For example, the current technologies developed to remove organic acids from crude oil involve either thermal decomposition at 400°C (Blum et al. in U.S. Patent 5,820,750), adsorbing onto inert materials (Varadaraj in U.S. Patent 6,454,936), treating with surfactants (Gorbaty et al. in Canadian Patent 2,226,750) or converting the organic acids into various derivatives that are easier to remove (Brons in U.S. Patent 5,871,637, Sartori et al. in Canadian
Patents 2,343,769 and 2,345,271, and Varadaraj et al. in U.S. Patent 6, 096,196). Efforts to minimize organic acid corrosion have included a number of approaches for neutralizing and removing the acids from the oil. For example, there are numerous approaches in the literature on the reduction of the organic acid species in crude oil. They include thermal decomposition of organic acids using high temperatures in the presence (U.S. Patents 5,914,030, 5,928,502) or absence (U.S. Patent 5,820,750) of a metal catalyst and treatment of corrosive acids with group IA and HA metal oxides, hydroxides and hydrates to form metal salts of naphthenic acids which are then thermally decomposed at elevated temperatures (U.S. Patents 5,985,137, 5,891,325, 5,871,637, 6,022,494, 6,190,541, 6,679,987). Other methods include chemical formation of esters of the organic acids in the presence of alcohol and a base (U.S. Patents 5,948,238, 6,251,305, 6,767,452, and Canadian Patent 2,343,769), reducing acidity by the formation of various salts of organic acids using base (U.S. Patents 5,643,439, 5,683,626, 5,961,821, 6,030,523), removal of naphthenic acids using detergents or surfactants (U.S. Patents 6,054,042, 6,454,936), absorbing organic acids onto polymeric amines (U.S. Patents 6,121,411, 6,281,328) and by adding corrosion inhibitors to crude oil to prevent naphthenic acid induced metal corrosion (U.S. Patent 5,552,085).
U.S. Patent 6,258,258 and Canadian Patent 2,345,271 describe the formation of naphthenic acid amides by treating crude oil with excess ammonia at elevated temperatures (above 180 0C) and elevated pressures (100-400 kPa).
While these processes have achieved varying degrees of success, most of these methods are costly and energy-intensive and their effectiveness somewhat limited. As a result, there is a need to develop alternative approaches to eliminate the corrosive species in petroleum and for treating acidic crudes.
Recently it has been reported that lipase B (Mickiyo in European Patent 0287634), from the fungi Candida Antarctica, produced by industrial enzyme producer Novozymes, demonstrated catalytic activity in the hydrolysis of fatty acids and converts them into fatty acid esters in the presence of alcohol (Anderson et al. in Biocat. Biotrans. 1998, 16, 181-204). The enzyme also has the ability to convert fatty acids, carboxylic acids and triglycerides into amides by the addition of amines or ammonia (DeZoete et al. in PCT Patent Application PCT/EP 1994/003038 with publication number WO 95/07359; DeZoete et al. in Ann. NY Acad. ScL 1996, 799, 346-350; Egraz in U.S. Patent 5,973,203; Hacking et al. in Biotech. Bioeng. 2002, 68, 84-91; Ignacio et al. in Chem. Soc. Rev. 2004, 33, 201-9; Irimescu et al. in Tet. Lett. 2004, 45, 523-525; Litjens et al. in PCT WO 00/58490; Madeira Lau et al. in Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 4189-4191; and Tuccio et al. in Tet. Lett. 1991, 32, 2763-2764).
However, the art is substantially bereft of methods for upgrading the quality of crude oil comprising naphthenic acids by the use of enzymes or biocatalysts. U.S. Patents 7,101,410, 6,461,859 and 5,358,870 describe the use of biocatalysts, such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae, hemoprotein, and a cell-free enzyme preparation from Rhodococcus sp. ATCC 53969, respectively, to improve the quality of oil specifically target organic sulphur containing molecule by reducing the sulphur content as well as lowering their viscosity. U.S. Patent 5,858,766 describes the use of microorganisms (a bacteria strain) in a bioupgrading capacity to selectively remove organic nitrogen and sulphur in oil as well as remove metals.
There remains the need for bioprocesses, as an attractive alternative to current upgrading methods, that use enzymes to improve the quality of crude oil and bitumen by removing acidic species.
Summary of the Invention
The present invention is directed to bioupgrading, i.e., using enzymes to improve the quality of crude oil and bitumen. The advantages of bioupgrading technologies lie in that they operate under much milder conditions, for example, at lower temperatures and pressures, compared to those required by conventional technologies. Consequently, much less energy will be required. As a result, the environmental impacts would be reduced. Furthermore, since biocatalysts and enzymes are specific in their conversions, only the undesirable components - in this case, corrosive species - are converted into non-corrosive ones without affecting the rest of the crude oil. The result is an improvement in the overall quality of the oil and refinery corrosion prevention.
The present invention identifies a bioupgrading use for a lipase enzyme, more specifically but not limited to lipase B (Novozyme™ 435) originally isolated from the fungi Candida antarctica, and now a recombinant enzyme expressed in Aspergillus oryzae. This lipase enzyme has the capability to convert organic acids including naphthenic acid model compounds, in combination with ammonia hydroxide or other amines, into chemical species (amides) that do not possess any corrosive properties. The amide products generated from enzyme reaction were confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The resulting naphthenic acid derived amides can then be processed normally in a refinery using such processes as cracking or hydrotreating and converted to hydrocarbon, ammonia and carbon dioxide without causing damage to the refinery infrastructure.
One of the advantages of this lipase B enzyme is that the enzyme is thermostable and can function at temperatures of 40-60°C. The enzyme can carry out bioconversions in organic solvents such as toluene or heptane and possesses broad substrate specificity. As such, lipase B, and/or similar suitable enzymes, can be used to reduce the corrosive properties of crude oil and bitumen by converting organic acids including naphthenic acids in crude oil into a non-corrosive species such as naphthenic acid amides. This process is done at reduced temperatures (40-60°C) and pressures that require less energy. The resulting naphthenic acid derived amides can then be processed normally in a refinery using such processes as cracking or hydrotreating and converted to hydrocarbon, ammonia and carbon dioxide without causing damage to the refinery infrastructure.
In one aspect of the present invention, it discloses a process for decreasing the acidity of an acidic crude oil, comprising: a. contacting an acidic crude oil with at least one nitrogen containing compound, and b. incubating the mixture obtained from step (a) in the presence of lipase enzyme; under conditions of suitable temperature and pressure sufficient to form the corresponding amides.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.google.com/patents/EP2419493A1?cl=en
Study an Analysis and Suggest New Mechanism of 3 Layer Polyethylene Coating Corrosion Cooling Water Pipeline in Oil Refinery in Iran
International
Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, Vol. 1 No. 2 Dec. 2012, pp. 216-225
Study an Analysis and Suggest New Mechanism of 3 Layer Polyethylene Coating Corrosion Cooling Water Pipeline in Oil Refinery in Iran
Amir Samimi
Department of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran
ABSTRACT:
The corrosion of pipeline coatings is a major problem in the oil and gas industry. Coatings are the first line of defense against the corrosive environment in which pipes are buried. Coating effectiveness depends on its ability to adhere to the metal surface. Initial adhesiveness and its durability in the contact conditions are among those factors that enhance long term coating efficiency. Three fold polyethylene consists of epoxy layers, adhesive and polyethylene.
Introduction
The corrosion of pipelines' coatings is one of the main problems in oil and gas industries for which a large amount of money is spent each year. Cessation of production creates a very high loss in terms of hydrocarbon production or maintenance costs. Therefore equipment faultless during their shelf life is considered as a basic problem. Those studies which result in compilation of effective strategies, laws, protocols and methods for preventing and removing corrosion effects are studied as; corrosion management. Corrosion problem in Canada has resulted in ten times pipelines' leakage and twelve times explosions in the period of 1977 to 1996, and in our country investigating this phenomenon and its management is of extraordinary higher importance due to the fact that oil, gas and petrochemical industries have been located in corrosive environments. The reports of malfunctions due to corrosion indicates that the reason for this phenomenon is mainly due to tragic carelessness in plumbing and equipment manufacture and installation which result in explosion, fire and spread of toxic materials in living environment. besides it has some costs such as replacement of corroded equipment, shut down of plants due to replacement of corroded equipment, disturbance in processes due to equipment corrosion and impurity of processing products due to corrosion related leakage and waste of the products of those vessels which are attacked by corrosion, all of these problems make the most important costs and losses created by corrosion. The studies show that 70 percent of losses can be prevented by observing related principles and instructions. According to the report of Bartel institute one third of industries 'corrosion costs are prevented by simple applying of existing knowledge and technology. Another point which is ignored is that indirect corrosion damages are much more than direct ones. Corrosion management has the responsibility of corrosion control and installations in all respects for preserving capital and always uses advanced tools and methods in enhancing this purpose. Corrosion process is managed since the very beginning of planning installation until their servicing by corrosion management. For example a planning engineer gathers enough information from corrosion management to design structures with long and useful shelf life or amends the following work steps by using enhanced information from occurred corrosions.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.issr-journals.org/ijias/ar/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-12-326-03
Study an Analysis and Suggest New Mechanism of 3 Layer Polyethylene Coating Corrosion Cooling Water Pipeline in Oil Refinery in Iran
Amir Samimi
Department of Chemical Engineering, Mahshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahshahr, Iran
ABSTRACT:
The corrosion of pipeline coatings is a major problem in the oil and gas industry. Coatings are the first line of defense against the corrosive environment in which pipes are buried. Coating effectiveness depends on its ability to adhere to the metal surface. Initial adhesiveness and its durability in the contact conditions are among those factors that enhance long term coating efficiency. Three fold polyethylene consists of epoxy layers, adhesive and polyethylene.
Introduction
The corrosion of pipelines' coatings is one of the main problems in oil and gas industries for which a large amount of money is spent each year. Cessation of production creates a very high loss in terms of hydrocarbon production or maintenance costs. Therefore equipment faultless during their shelf life is considered as a basic problem. Those studies which result in compilation of effective strategies, laws, protocols and methods for preventing and removing corrosion effects are studied as; corrosion management. Corrosion problem in Canada has resulted in ten times pipelines' leakage and twelve times explosions in the period of 1977 to 1996, and in our country investigating this phenomenon and its management is of extraordinary higher importance due to the fact that oil, gas and petrochemical industries have been located in corrosive environments. The reports of malfunctions due to corrosion indicates that the reason for this phenomenon is mainly due to tragic carelessness in plumbing and equipment manufacture and installation which result in explosion, fire and spread of toxic materials in living environment. besides it has some costs such as replacement of corroded equipment, shut down of plants due to replacement of corroded equipment, disturbance in processes due to equipment corrosion and impurity of processing products due to corrosion related leakage and waste of the products of those vessels which are attacked by corrosion, all of these problems make the most important costs and losses created by corrosion. The studies show that 70 percent of losses can be prevented by observing related principles and instructions. According to the report of Bartel institute one third of industries 'corrosion costs are prevented by simple applying of existing knowledge and technology. Another point which is ignored is that indirect corrosion damages are much more than direct ones. Corrosion management has the responsibility of corrosion control and installations in all respects for preserving capital and always uses advanced tools and methods in enhancing this purpose. Corrosion process is managed since the very beginning of planning installation until their servicing by corrosion management. For example a planning engineer gathers enough information from corrosion management to design structures with long and useful shelf life or amends the following work steps by using enhanced information from occurred corrosions.
Free Full Text Source: http://www.issr-journals.org/ijias/ar/abstract.php?article=IJIAS-12-326-03
Tuesday, June 18, 2013
The growth of SAPO 34 membrane layer on support surface for gas permeation application
CATEGORY: ZEOLITES
Ceramics International, Volume 38, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 333–340
The growth of SAPO 34 membrane layer on support surface for gas permeation application
Jugal K. Das, Nandini Das, Soumendra N. Roy, Sibdas Bandyopadhyay
Ceramic Membrane Division, Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, CSIR, 196, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
Abstract
Researchers studied the formation stage of SAPO 34 zeolite membrane on a tubular mullite support. They employed XRD, FESEM, IR and EDAX analysis techniques to explain the changes in crystallization stages as well as formation of membrane on tubular clay–alumina support with time.
Study results support the notion that crystallization of SAPO 34 starts from initial gel, proceeding through cluster formation and accumulation followed by segregation and crystallization process. The study also showed the gradual incorporation of Si into AlPO4 phase and form cubical CHA phase after 120 h of synthesis time.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027288421100647X
Ceramics International, Volume 38, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 333–340
The growth of SAPO 34 membrane layer on support surface for gas permeation application
Jugal K. Das, Nandini Das, Soumendra N. Roy, Sibdas Bandyopadhyay
Ceramic Membrane Division, Central Glass & Ceramic Research Institute, CSIR, 196, Raja SC Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700 032, India
Abstract
Researchers studied the formation stage of SAPO 34 zeolite membrane on a tubular mullite support. They employed XRD, FESEM, IR and EDAX analysis techniques to explain the changes in crystallization stages as well as formation of membrane on tubular clay–alumina support with time.
Study results support the notion that crystallization of SAPO 34 starts from initial gel, proceeding through cluster formation and accumulation followed by segregation and crystallization process. The study also showed the gradual incorporation of Si into AlPO4 phase and form cubical CHA phase after 120 h of synthesis time.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027288421100647X
Production of synthetic natural gas by means of a catalytic nickel membrane
CATEGORY: SYNGAS
Fuel, Volume 94, April 2012, Pages 64–69
Production of synthetic natural gas by means of a catalytic nickel membrane
Shin-Kun Ryi, Sung-Wook Lee, Kyung-Ran Hwang, Jong-Soo Park
Energy Materials Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 102 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea
Abstract
Authors describe a novel method of methanation using a catalytic nickel membrane for synthetic natural gas (SNG) production. The methanation reaction is exothermic, so heat that is generated is removed from the reactor to prevent the methane yield from being reduced and to minimize deactivation of the catalyst due to thermal stress at hot spots.
Because the catalytic nickel membrane was fabricated by uniaxial-pressing and thermal treatment of nickel powder, it could readily remove heat from the reactor. Methanation tests conducted at various temperatures, residence times and pressures revealed that the CO and H2 conversions increased with increasing temperature and pressure and reached a maximum value of 99 and 80% at a temperature, residence time and pressure of 350 °C, 94 ms and 280 kPa, respectively. Using the methanation test results, a new reactor could be designed for high exothermic reactions.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236111007551
Fuel, Volume 94, April 2012, Pages 64–69
Production of synthetic natural gas by means of a catalytic nickel membrane
Shin-Kun Ryi, Sung-Wook Lee, Kyung-Ran Hwang, Jong-Soo Park
Energy Materials Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 102 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, South Korea
Abstract
Authors describe a novel method of methanation using a catalytic nickel membrane for synthetic natural gas (SNG) production. The methanation reaction is exothermic, so heat that is generated is removed from the reactor to prevent the methane yield from being reduced and to minimize deactivation of the catalyst due to thermal stress at hot spots.
Because the catalytic nickel membrane was fabricated by uniaxial-pressing and thermal treatment of nickel powder, it could readily remove heat from the reactor. Methanation tests conducted at various temperatures, residence times and pressures revealed that the CO and H2 conversions increased with increasing temperature and pressure and reached a maximum value of 99 and 80% at a temperature, residence time and pressure of 350 °C, 94 ms and 280 kPa, respectively. Using the methanation test results, a new reactor could be designed for high exothermic reactions.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236111007551
Electro membrane extraction followed by low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction combined with derivatization for determining chlorophenols and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
CATEGORY: SEPARATION
Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1243, 22 June 2012, Pages 14–22
Electro membrane extraction followed by low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction combined with derivatization for determining chlorophenols and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Liang Guo, Hian Kee Lee
Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
Abstract
Researchers describe a highly efficient and simple two-step method, electro membrane extraction (EME) followed by low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (EME–LDS-USAEME) combined with derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), for the determination of trace level chlorophenols in environmental water samples.
The analytes were extracted, under electrical potential, from the sample solution into the acceptor solution, which was held in a polypropylene membrane sheet with 1-octanol as the supported liquid membrane. Next, the acceptor solution from the first step was used as the sample solution for the second step of LDS-USAEME. In this step, the target analytes were extracted into a solvent with lower density than water that was dispersed in the sample solution with the assistance of ultrasound. The extract was separated from the sample solution by centrifugation and collected as the upper layer. Finally, the extract with a derivatization reagent were injected into a GC–MS system for analysis.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967312006462
Journal of Chromatography A, Volume 1243, 22 June 2012, Pages 14–22
Electro membrane extraction followed by low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction combined with derivatization for determining chlorophenols and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Liang Guo, Hian Kee Lee
Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
Abstract
Researchers describe a highly efficient and simple two-step method, electro membrane extraction (EME) followed by low-density solvent based ultrasound-assisted emulsification microextraction (EME–LDS-USAEME) combined with derivatization and analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), for the determination of trace level chlorophenols in environmental water samples.
The analytes were extracted, under electrical potential, from the sample solution into the acceptor solution, which was held in a polypropylene membrane sheet with 1-octanol as the supported liquid membrane. Next, the acceptor solution from the first step was used as the sample solution for the second step of LDS-USAEME. In this step, the target analytes were extracted into a solvent with lower density than water that was dispersed in the sample solution with the assistance of ultrasound. The extract was separated from the sample solution by centrifugation and collected as the upper layer. Finally, the extract with a derivatization reagent were injected into a GC–MS system for analysis.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967312006462
Membrane distillation: A comprehensive review
CATEGORY: SEPARATION
Desalination, Volume 287, 15 February 2012, Pages 2–18
Special Issue in honour of Professor Takeshi Matsuura on his 75th Birthday
Membrane distillation: A comprehensive review
Abdullah Alkhudhiri a, Naif Darwish b, Nidal Hilala, c
a Centre Water Advanced Technologies and Environmental Research (CWATER), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
b American University of Sharjah, College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
c Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Abstract
Membrane Distillation (MD) is a thermally-driven separation process, in which only vapor molecules transfer through a microporous hydrophobic membrane. The driving force in the MD process is the vapor pressure difference induced by the temperature difference across the hydrophobic membrane.
Authors review membrane characteristics, membrane-related heat and mass transfer concepts, fouling and the effects of operating condition. They describe and discuss state of the art research results in the various areas.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916411007284
Desalination, Volume 287, 15 February 2012, Pages 2–18
Special Issue in honour of Professor Takeshi Matsuura on his 75th Birthday
Membrane distillation: A comprehensive review
Abdullah Alkhudhiri a, Naif Darwish b, Nidal Hilala, c
a Centre Water Advanced Technologies and Environmental Research (CWATER), College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
b American University of Sharjah, College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, United Arab Emirates
c Masdar Institute of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Abstract
Membrane Distillation (MD) is a thermally-driven separation process, in which only vapor molecules transfer through a microporous hydrophobic membrane. The driving force in the MD process is the vapor pressure difference induced by the temperature difference across the hydrophobic membrane.
Authors review membrane characteristics, membrane-related heat and mass transfer concepts, fouling and the effects of operating condition. They describe and discuss state of the art research results in the various areas.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916411007284
Process simulation and optimal design of membrane separation system for CO2 capture from natural gas
CATEGORY: PROCESS SIMULATION
Computers & Chemical Engineering, Volume 36, 10 January 2012, Pages 119–128
Process simulation and optimal design of membrane separation system for CO2 capture from natural gas
Faizan Ahmad, K.K. Lau, A.M. Shariff, Ghulam Murshid
Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Perak, Malaysia
Abstract
CO2 capture from natural gas is possible using the membrane process. Membrane performance has been described by a variety of mathematical models. However, there has been relatively little work done in the field of process simulation where membrane models can be incorporated with other unit operations using commercially available simulator.
Authors describe a two dimensional cross flow mathematical model for membrane separation which was incorporated with Aspen HYSYS as a user defined unit operation in order to optimize and design the membrane system for CO2 capture from natural gas.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098135411002572
Computers & Chemical Engineering, Volume 36, 10 January 2012, Pages 119–128
Process simulation and optimal design of membrane separation system for CO2 capture from natural gas
Faizan Ahmad, K.K. Lau, A.M. Shariff, Ghulam Murshid
Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Bandar Seri Iskandar, 31750 Perak, Malaysia
Abstract
CO2 capture from natural gas is possible using the membrane process. Membrane performance has been described by a variety of mathematical models. However, there has been relatively little work done in the field of process simulation where membrane models can be incorporated with other unit operations using commercially available simulator.
Authors describe a two dimensional cross flow mathematical model for membrane separation which was incorporated with Aspen HYSYS as a user defined unit operation in order to optimize and design the membrane system for CO2 capture from natural gas.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0098135411002572
Volatile organic compound removal by membrane gas stripping using electro-spun nanofiber membrane
CATEGORY: NANOTECH
Desalination, Volume 287, 15 February 2012, Pages 98–102
Special Issue in honour of Professor Takeshi Matsuura on his 75th Birthday
Volatile organic compound removal by membrane gas stripping using electro-spun nanofiber membrane
Chaoyang Feng a, K.C. Khulbe a, Shahram Tabe b
a Industrial Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
b Standards Development Branch, Ministry of the Environment, 40 St. Clair Ave., West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4V 1M2
Abstract
Reports use of membrane gas stripping using electro-spun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber membrane to remove volatile organic compound (chloroform) from water.
The overall mass transfer coefficient of chloroform through the nanofiber membrane was found to be 2 × 10− 5 m/s at room temperature, which was more than the highest value obtained earlier for a hollow fiber air-stripping system. The activation energy of the mass transfer coefficient was almost the same as that of the Henry constant for chloroform absorption in water.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916411004589
Desalination, Volume 287, 15 February 2012, Pages 98–102
Special Issue in honour of Professor Takeshi Matsuura on his 75th Birthday
Volatile organic compound removal by membrane gas stripping using electro-spun nanofiber membrane
Chaoyang Feng a, K.C. Khulbe a, Shahram Tabe b
a Industrial Membrane Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1N 6N5
b Standards Development Branch, Ministry of the Environment, 40 St. Clair Ave., West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4V 1M2
Abstract
Reports use of membrane gas stripping using electro-spun poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber membrane to remove volatile organic compound (chloroform) from water.
The overall mass transfer coefficient of chloroform through the nanofiber membrane was found to be 2 × 10− 5 m/s at room temperature, which was more than the highest value obtained earlier for a hollow fiber air-stripping system. The activation energy of the mass transfer coefficient was almost the same as that of the Henry constant for chloroform absorption in water.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011916411004589
A novel surface modified polyetherimide hollow fiber membrane for gas–liquid contacting processes
CATEGORY: MEMBRANES
Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 89, 22 March 2012, Pages 160–170
A novel surface modified polyetherimide hollow fiber membrane for gas–liquid contacting processes
Gh. Bakeri a, b, T. Matsuura c, A.F. Ismail b, D. Rana c
a Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
b Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
c Industrial Membrane Research Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
Abstract
Researchers report preparation of a novel surface modified polyetherimide (PEI) hollow fiber membrane using dry–wet phased inversion process where the spinning dope contains Surface Modifying Macromolecule (SMM).
The surface modified membrane exhibited large pore size, higher effective surface porosity, contact angle and porosity but lower Liquid Entry Pressure of water compared to polyetherimide hollow fiber membrane without SMM.
They studied performance of surface modified membrane in contactor application for gas separation process based on CO2 absorption process using water as absorbent and pure CO2 and 20:80 CO2/CH4 gas mixture. Results reveal that surface modified membranes have superior performance compared to commercial and in-house made hydrophobic membranes such as polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene. For example, in the case of pure CO2 in the shell side and distilled water in the lumen side, the surface modified PEI membrane shows 72% higher absorption flux than commercial membrane contactor, Celgard MiniModule® 0.75X5 which is made of polypropylene membranes, when the liquid velocity is 0.4 m s−1.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586612000470
Separation and Purification Technology, Volume 89, 22 March 2012, Pages 160–170
A novel surface modified polyetherimide hollow fiber membrane for gas–liquid contacting processes
Gh. Bakeri a, b, T. Matsuura c, A.F. Ismail b, D. Rana c
a Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran
b Advanced Membrane Technology Research Centre (AMTEC), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
c Industrial Membrane Research Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
Abstract
Researchers report preparation of a novel surface modified polyetherimide (PEI) hollow fiber membrane using dry–wet phased inversion process where the spinning dope contains Surface Modifying Macromolecule (SMM).
The surface modified membrane exhibited large pore size, higher effective surface porosity, contact angle and porosity but lower Liquid Entry Pressure of water compared to polyetherimide hollow fiber membrane without SMM.
They studied performance of surface modified membrane in contactor application for gas separation process based on CO2 absorption process using water as absorbent and pure CO2 and 20:80 CO2/CH4 gas mixture. Results reveal that surface modified membranes have superior performance compared to commercial and in-house made hydrophobic membranes such as polypropylene and polytetrafluoroethylene. For example, in the case of pure CO2 in the shell side and distilled water in the lumen side, the surface modified PEI membrane shows 72% higher absorption flux than commercial membrane contactor, Celgard MiniModule® 0.75X5 which is made of polypropylene membranes, when the liquid velocity is 0.4 m s−1.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383586612000470
A novel acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/poly(ethylene glycol) membrane: preparation, characterization, and gas permeation study
CATEGORY: MEMBRANES
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
Volume 23, Issue 8, pages 1207–1218, August 2012
A novel acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/poly(ethylene glycol) membrane: preparation, characterization, and gas permeation study
Hamidreza Sanaeepur 1, Abtin Ebadi Amooghin 2, Abdolreza Moghadassi 3, Davood Ghanbari 4
A-Moghadassi@araku.ac.ir
1 Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Mahshahr, Iran
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Farahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Farahan, Iran
3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
4 Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
Abstract
Describes fabrication of polymeric membranes by blending various grades of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the added polymer with acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene as the backbone structure.
Researchers characterized the membranes by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffractometry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. They also explored the gas permeation and separation properties of CO2/CH4. In addition, they studied the effect of pressure (1–8 bar) and the effect of PEG content (0–40 wt%) on CO2 and CH4 permeability/selectivity. Results reveal that, with the introduction of PEG molecules, CO2/CH4 selectivity increases without significant changes in CH4 permeability, indicating that the incorporation of intermolecular interaction is suitable for the separation of gas pairs with no molecular size domination but the solution–diffusion.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.2031/abstract;jsessionid=520EC838BF40137004DD0A6CD549BC53.d03t04?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
Polymers for Advanced Technologies
Volume 23, Issue 8, pages 1207–1218, August 2012
A novel acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene/poly(ethylene glycol) membrane: preparation, characterization, and gas permeation study
Hamidreza Sanaeepur 1, Abtin Ebadi Amooghin 2, Abdolreza Moghadassi 3, Davood Ghanbari 4
A-Moghadassi@araku.ac.ir
1 Department of Petrochemical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Mahshahr, Iran
2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Farahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Farahan, Iran
3 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University, Arak, Iran
4 Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
Abstract
Describes fabrication of polymeric membranes by blending various grades of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as the added polymer with acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene as the backbone structure.
Researchers characterized the membranes by Fourier transform infrared, X-ray diffractometry, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. They also explored the gas permeation and separation properties of CO2/CH4. In addition, they studied the effect of pressure (1–8 bar) and the effect of PEG content (0–40 wt%) on CO2 and CH4 permeability/selectivity. Results reveal that, with the introduction of PEG molecules, CO2/CH4 selectivity increases without significant changes in CH4 permeability, indicating that the incorporation of intermolecular interaction is suitable for the separation of gas pairs with no molecular size domination but the solution–diffusion.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/pat.2031/abstract;jsessionid=520EC838BF40137004DD0A6CD549BC53.d03t04?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false
Effect of thermal annealing on a novel polyamide–imide polymer membrane for aggressive acid gas separations
CATEGORY: MEMBRANES
Journal of Membrane Science, Volumes 401–402, 15 May 2012, Pages 163–174
Effect of thermal annealing on a novel polyamide–imide polymer membrane for aggressive acid gas separations
Justin T. Vaughn, William J. Koros, J.R. Johnson, Oguz Karvan
School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
Abstract
Reports results of a study of a fluorinated, 6FDA based polyamide–imide for the purification of CH4 from CO2 and H2S containing gas streams. Researchers thermally annealed dense polymer films demonstrated that increased annealing temperatures at constant annealing time caused transport behavior that does not resemble physical aging.
Free volume increased after annealing at 200 °C for 24 h relative to annealing at 150 °C for the same time. CO2 and CH4 permeabilities and diffusivities did not decrease as a result of the higher annealing temperature, and in fact, were shown to increase slightly. Authors hypothesize a change to the intrinsic microstructure that cannot be described by simple, densification based physical aging as the reason for this trend. Results show that the polyamide–imide family represents a promising class of separation materials for aggressive acid gas purifications.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738812000762
Journal of Membrane Science, Volumes 401–402, 15 May 2012, Pages 163–174
Effect of thermal annealing on a novel polyamide–imide polymer membrane for aggressive acid gas separations
Justin T. Vaughn, William J. Koros, J.R. Johnson, Oguz Karvan
School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 311 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
Abstract
Reports results of a study of a fluorinated, 6FDA based polyamide–imide for the purification of CH4 from CO2 and H2S containing gas streams. Researchers thermally annealed dense polymer films demonstrated that increased annealing temperatures at constant annealing time caused transport behavior that does not resemble physical aging.
Free volume increased after annealing at 200 °C for 24 h relative to annealing at 150 °C for the same time. CO2 and CH4 permeabilities and diffusivities did not decrease as a result of the higher annealing temperature, and in fact, were shown to increase slightly. Authors hypothesize a change to the intrinsic microstructure that cannot be described by simple, densification based physical aging as the reason for this trend. Results show that the polyamide–imide family represents a promising class of separation materials for aggressive acid gas purifications.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0376738812000762
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)