CATEGORY: WASTEWATER
Fire Safety Journal, Volume 51, July 2012, Pages 61–67
Estimating the flammability of vapours above refinery wastewater laden with hydrocarbon mixtures
Fatihah Ahmad a,
Muhammad Aizat Abd Wahi a,
Adamu Abdul c,
Damian W. Laird d,
Chun-Yang Yin d
a Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Tronoh 31750, Perak, Malaysia
b Reliability Integrity Engineering, Petronas Carigali Sdn Bhd, Petronas, Jln Belia Kota Kinabalu 88000, Sabah, Malaysia
c Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor-Bahru 81310, Malaysia
d School of Chemical and Mathematical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
Abstract
Authors assess the likelihood of fire hazards attributed to the vaporization of hydrocarbon components derived from refinery wastewater drainage systems. Liquid samples containing mixtures of hydrocarbon products and water were collected from a refinery drainage system.
The samples were subjected to a distillation process to separate oil and water. The oil–liquid phase was analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) to examine the composition of the sample. Hydrocarbon compounds ranging from C9 to C16 were detected. Mole fractions of 28 selected components in the liquid phase were obtained from the GC–FID data and used to calculate mole fractions of components in the gas phase via modified Raoult’s law. Lower Flammability Limits (LFLs) and Upper Flammability Limits (UFLs) for individual components were calculated using a stoichiometric concentration method, while the LFL and UFL values for the mixture (LFL mix and UFLmix) were calculated using the Le Chatelier equation. The LFL mix and UFLmix values were used to construct a flammability diagram and subsequently used to determine the flammability of the mixture.Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379711212000471
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