Water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP): a refinery case study

CATEGORY: WATER REUSE 
Water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP): a refinery case study

Type	Journal Article
Author	Maria Dian Kurnia Sari
Author	Gert Holm Kristensen
URL	http://jwrd.iwaponline.com/content/early/2016/03/18/wrd.2016.175
Pages	jwrd2016175
Publication	Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination
Date	2016/03/18
Abstract	The key approach to manage and prevent potential hazards arising from specific contaminants in water networks is to consider water as the main product delivered. This new concept, addressed as water-reuse risk assessment program (WRAP), has been further developed from hazard analysis of critical control points to illustrate the potential hazards which are the roots of hindering intra-facility water reuse strategies. For industrial sectors applying water reclamation and reuse schemes, it is paramount that the reclaimed water quality stays within the desired quality. The objective of WRAP is to establish a new methodology and knowledge, which will contribute to the sustainable development of industrial water management, and demonstrate its capabilities in identifying and addressing any potential hazards in the selected schemes adoption by the industries. A ‘what-if’ scenario was simulated using a refinery as a case study to show strategies on how to benefit reclaimed or reuse water based on reliable, applied and scientific research within the process integration area. In conclusion, the WRAP model will facilitate operators, consultants and decision makers to reuse water on a fit-for use basis whilst avoiding contaminant accumulation in the overall system and production of sub-quality products from inadequate processes after several reuses.

A new case for promoting wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia: Bringing energy into the water equation

CATEGORY: WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE
Journal of Environmental Management, Volume 102, 15 July 2012, Pages 184–192
A new case for promoting wastewater reuse in Saudi Arabia: Bringing energy into the water equation
Arani Kajenthira a 1
Afreen Siddiqi b 2
Laura Diaz Anadona, 1,
a Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School, USA
b Engineering Systems Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA
Abstract
As the third-largest per capita water user worldwide, Saudi Arabia has addressed the disparity between its renewable water resources and domestic demand primarily through desalination and the abstraction of non-renewable groundwater.  Authors evaluate the potential costs of this approach in the industrial and municipal sectors, exploring economic, energy, and environmental costs, including CO2 emissions and possible coastal impacts.
Although the energy intensity of desalination is a global concern, it is particularly urgent to rethink water supply options in Saudi Arabia because the entirety of its natural gas production is consumed domestically, primarily in petrochemical and desalination plants.  Burgeoning demand requires the development of more expensive high-sulfur gas resources that could make desalination even pricier. Authors suggest that in Saudi Arabia, the implementation of increased water conservation and reuse across the oil and natural gas sectors could conserve up to 29% of total industrial water withdrawals at costs recovered over 0–30 years, depending on the specific improvement.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479712000564

Water modeling in an energy optimization framework – The water-scarce middle east context

CATEGORY: WATER CONSERVATION AND REUSE
Applied Energy, Available online 31 July 2012, In Press, Corrected Proof
Water modeling in an energy optimization framework – The water-scarce middle east context
Aurelie Dubreuil, Edi Assoumou, Stephanie Bouckaert, Sandrine Selosse, Nadia Maı¨zi
Centre for Applied Mathematics, MINES ParisTech, France
Abstract
Water is used to produce energy, and energy is used to clean, desalinate and transport water.  Consequently, long-term solutions to water scarcity and energy demand must be developed concurrently.  These solutions can be analyzed and developed by studying interconnections between the water and energy sectors.
Authors implemented water allocation issues in an energy optimization model with a dedicated water module.  They used the model to assess an optimal water-energy mix considering opportunities for water reuse and non-conventional water use in the water-scarce Middle East region, defined as including the Arabian Peninsula, Caucasus, Islamic republic of Iran, and the Near East.  Results indicate that when the additional demand for electricity induced by water needs is not taken into account, electricity demand can be underestimated by nearly 40%. The integrated model allowed an analysis of water technology allocation and the use of non-conventional resources to compensate for water scarcity and enabled an analysis of the effect of higher irrigation efficiency.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261912004771