The Production of LPG Using Low-octane Model-feed (n-Hexane) on Modified Unloaded and Pt-loaded MFI Zeolite Catalysts

CATEGORY: LPG – LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
The Production of LPG Using Low-octane Model-feed (n-Hexane) on Modified Unloaded and Pt-loaded MFI Zeolite Catalysts

Type	Journal Article
Author	A. K. Aboul-Gheit
Author	N. A. K. Aboul-Gheit
Author	Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Process Development Department
Author	Suez University, Suez, Egypt Refining Petrochem. Eng. Dept., Facul. Petrol. Mining Eng.
URL	http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2014.961608
Volume	33
Issue	3
Pages	363-373
Publication	Petroleum Science and Technology
Date	February 1, 2015
Abstract	Researchers employed n-hexane as an n-paraffinic model hydrocarbon to be hydrocracked for LPG production that can be used both as a fuel in domestic heating appliances and as high-octane gaseous motor fuels. They examined catalysts containing 0.15%Pt, 0.30%Pt, or 0.60%Pt loaded on H-MFI zeolite, aluminum-deficient MFI (AD-MFI), or hydrofluorinated MFI zeolite (F-MFI). In addition, the three unloaded modified zeolites were compared as catalysts for n-hexane hydroconversion, whereby the F-MFI catalyst exhibited superior catalytic activity by virtue of acquiring higher acid sites density and strength. The Pt/F-MFI catalysts also exhibited the highest activities by acquiring the highest acid sites density and strength as well as the highest Pt dispersion.

Predictions for Yields of Huabei Liquefied Petroleum Gas by Using the Classical Apriori Algorithm Model

CATEGORY: LPG - LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS 
Predictions for Yields of Huabei Liquefied Petroleum Gas by Using the Classical Apriori Algorithm Model

Type	Journal Article
Author	Y. Zhang
Author	L. Zhang
URL	http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10916466.2013.862266
Volume	32
Issue	21
Pages	2642-2647
Publication	Petroleum Science and Technology
Date	November 2, 2014
Abstract	Researchers introduced the classical Apriori algorithm model for predicting yields of Huabei liquefied petroleum gas based on Visual FoxPro software. Experimental results revealed that the classical Apriori algorithm model can predict yields of Huabei liquefied petroleum gas. Experimental data agree with the quantitative analytic conclusions drawn from the predicted data, demonstrating that it can be used to predict yields of Huabei liquefied petroleum gas.

An empirical investigation of the influence of sulfur additives on the catalytic rate of coke deposition and CO formation in the steam cracking of LPG over Incoloy 600 and stainless steel

CATEGORY: LPG – LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Chemical Engineering Journal, Volume 238, 15 February 2014, Pages 210–218
Proceedings of the XX International conference on Chemical Reactors CHEMREACTOR-20
An empirical investigation of the influence of sulfur additives on the catalytic rate of coke deposition and CO formation in the steam cracking of LPG over Incoloy 600 and stainless steel
Nazi Rahimi (a), (b), Ramin Karimzadeh (b), Seyed Mahdi Jazayeri (b), Kamran Danaie Nia (b)
a National Petrochemical Comapany-Research and Technology (NPC-RT), Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Pajouhesh Blvd. 17th km of Tehran-Karaj Highway, Zip-Code: 141851458, Tehran, Iran
b Chemical Engineering Faculty, Tarbiat Modares University, Jalal Al Ahmad Highway, P.O. Box 14155-4838, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Researchers studied the influence of sulfur additives in the steam cracking of LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), as an industrial feedstock. They explored the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) on the rate of catalytic coke deposition and CO formation over Incoloy 600, and stainless steel. They studied the impact of sulfur concentration, temperature, and residence time on the rate of catalytic coke formation over each metal, and the CO formation using the central composite design (CCD) technique for designing the experiments.
They propose empirical models of the coke deposition rate and CO formation for Incoloy and stainless steel individually, based on the statistical analysis of the experimental results.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1385894713013284

LPG sensing properties of platinum doped nanocrystalline SnO2 based thick films with effect of dipping time and sintering temperature

CATEGORY: LPG – LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
Advanced Materials Letters. Jan2013, Vol. 4 Issue 1, p58-63. 6p. DOI: 10.5185/amlett.2013.icnano.228.
LPG sensing properties of platinum doped nanocrystalline SnO2 based thick films with effect of dipping time and sintering temperature.
A. D. Garje; S. N. Sadakale.
Department of Physics, Sir Parashurambhau College Pune, Pune-411030, India
Abstract
Synthesized nanophase SnO2 powder is used to fabricate thick film resistors using screen printing technology. The surfaces of the thick film resistors were modified by dip coating in platinum chloride (PtCl2) solution of optimized 1.5 M for different time periods of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 minutes. Sintering of the films is carried out at different temperatures of 550, 600, 650, 700, 750 and 800°C. The films were tested for 400 ppm of LPG.Thick films which were dip coated for 5 minutes and sintered at 750oC show the highest sensitivity towards LPG which is ten times higher than undoped SnO2 sensors. The characterization of the sensors was done using XRD, EDX and SEM. The sensors were found to be extremely stable and repeatable with a response and recovery time of 10 and 22 s with a minimum detection limit of 5 ppm.
Introduction
Nanocrystalline metal oxide based thick film resistors as gas sensing devices have attracted great attention for a long time due their low cost, ease of fabrication and high sensitivity towards toxic gases. A good chemical and thermal stability under operating conditions along with high mobility of conduction electrons are the important features of the SnO2 based gas sensors. Most of the sensors based on commercially available bulk tin oxide is severely affected by the small surface to volume ratio and also operate at relatively high temperatures of over 573 K. On the other hand nanosized tin oxide have a high surface to volume ratio hence more surface area is available for gas sensing. Low level gas detection via surface modifications of senors is a recent area of thrust. Metal additives such as Pd, Pt are dispersed on the oxide as activators or sensitizers to improve the gas selectivity and to lower the operating temperature. The method used to introduce the additives and the subsequent thermal treatments performed play an important role in distribution of the additives on the surface of SnO2. The additives modify the microstructure of the base material and introduce donor or acceptor levels which cause the variation the resistivity of metal oxide.Dipping a film in chloride solution of noble metals (PtCl2, PdCl2) and then decomposing at or slightly above the decomposition temperature of the additive causes the doping of respective noble metal on the film.In the present work nanocrystalline tin oxide based thick film resistors prepared by screen printing technology and doped with platinum by dip coating in PtCl2 solution for different time periods and sintered at various temperatures for 5 hrs. The effects of dipping time and sintering temperature on LPG sensing properties of SnO2 based thick films have been investigated.
Free Full Text Source: http://amlett.com/uploads/4850.pdf

Stabilized hierarchical USY zeolite catalysts for simultaneous increase in diesel and LPG olefinicity during catalytic cracking

CATEGORY: ZEOLITES
Catal. Sci. Technol., 2013,3, 972-981
Stabilized hierarchical USY zeolite catalysts for simultaneous increase in diesel and LPG olefinicity during catalytic cracking
Cristina Martínez, (a)  Danny Verboekend, (b)  Javier Pérez-Ramírez (b) and   Avelino Corma* (a)
acorma@itq.upv.es
a Instituto de Tecnología Química (UPV-CSIC), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
b Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zurich, Switzerland
Abstract
Describes a study in which hierarchical USY zeolites fabricated by scalable and affordable post-synthetic modifications (PSM) are stabilized by means of REO ion exchange and/or hydrothermal treatments, leading to FCC catalysts with improved hydrothermal stability, increased bottoms conversion capacity and improved product selectivity, as compared to a conventional commercial USY based catalyst of comparable activity.
The stabilized mesoporous USY yields more and better quality diesel with a reduced content of polyaromatic compounds, while producing lower amounts of gases but with a LPG fraction enriched in propene and butenes. Researchers attribute the selectivity slate to the combination of appropriate Brønsted acidity and reduced diffusion pathway in the zeolite crystals.
Full Text Source (Subscription or Fee): http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2013/cy/c2cy20688a#!divAbstract

Timing Advance Processor for Internal Combustion Engine Running on LPG/CNG

CATEGORY: LPG – LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS
НАУЧНИ ТРУДОВЕ НА РУСЕНСКИЯ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ - 2012, том 51, серия 3.2
Timing Advance Processor for Internal Combustion Engine Running on LPG/CNG
Orlin Tomov
Abstract:
The paper is focused on the development of a universal microprocessor system for correction the timing advance of the ignition spark on internal combustion engines, running on alternative fuels like CND (compressed natural gas) and LPG (liquefied petroleum gas). Here are described the problems of the existing systems and their incompatibility with many modern engines.
INTRODUCTION Nowadays, when the world economic crisis appears to be undying, and the price of the petrol goes higher every day, the question about the alternative fuels for the transport becomes more and more serious.
During the last several years the prices of the most common used – gasoline and diesel has raised almost twice. At the same time, we are witnesses of the raising needs of transport services. That's why, saving fuel is quite important.
It is well-known fact, that the gasoline engines can be easily converted to run on compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The burning process is quite the same and has similar parameters, like working temperature, pressure, etc. Despite of the similarities between these gases and the gasoline, there are differences.
One of the most important is the octane rating. The methane, propane and butane have a higher octane number (RON) and that's why, the burning process can be optimised for a better performance, and lower consumption. This optimisation should be provided by additional device, since the petrol engines are usually not factory equipped for alternative fuel.
Free Full Text Source: http://conf.uni-ruse.bg/bg/docs/cp12/3.2/3.2-33.pdf